Progression Of Women s Rights - 1229 Words

Progression of Women’s Rights The Gilded Age caused the solution of many problems to not happen. During this time, in the late 19th century, there was extreme corruption that was not being fixed. Soon, in 1890, the rise of progressivism took place, trying to fix the problems that were made. Many different progressive era reformers focused on many different issues and tried to mend the corruption relating to that specific topic. Women’s rights was a huge problem during this time, and two specific reformers tried to solve the problem. Progressive era reformers, Alice Paul and Margaret Sanger tackled the problem of women’s rights in similar ways. The Gilded Age caused many different problems, such as: corrupt business practices, workers rights, poverty, consumer protection, environmental protection, political corruption, ethnic issues, child labor, and finally, women’s rights. The Gilded Age was known for being a time of corruption in varying themes. The Gilded Age meant that everything looked fine on the outside but it was actually horribly corrupt if you scratch the â€Å"gilded† surface. Captains of industry controlled many large industries. Their tactics were not always fair, but there were few laws regulating business conduct at that time, causing corrupt business practices, political corruption, and workers rights issues. There was immense industrial and economic growth in America but the wealth did not help everyone. Although the wealth, there was still growing poverty inShow MoreRelatedThe World Progress Without The Progression Of Women s Rights Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pages Women, throughout the history of western civilization, have struggled to fight for their rights as equal citizens. The problem of gender inequality has been prevalent for centuries. The movement for equal opportunity has gained traction in different eras but is still far from complete. Today, we are faced with an America that has made a choice. It has made a choice for division, for stagnancy and for retrogression. Women have been subtly told that their value does not rest in politics, nor in businessRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesgenders or races overt time. Today, there continues to be a set standard in which most individuals are accustomed to view. Therefore, in the remaining of the paper, I will examine each decade from the 1950’s until the 2000’s and the depiction of gender roles in the media. The Postwar Booms The 1950’s was a time of advancement and complete simplicity. After World War 2, this gave rise to the economy as well as the so called â€Å"Baby Boom†. The media became a powerful medium as it publicized everythingRead MoreUnequal Rights For Women And Gender Inequality1732 Words   |  7 PagesUnequal rights for women and gender inequality have been a plague across European society since the dawn of time. It was not until the late eighteenth century that women’s rights activists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, began to take action against this inequality. Through the perseverance of these activists, major reforms for equality began to arise during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, both being time periods that marked a profound era for women and the progression of women’s rights. DuringRead MoreThe Battle For Women s Suffrage896 Words   |  4 Pagesbattle for women s suffrage began in the late nineteenth century and continued throughout the mid t o late twentieth century. While twentieth century suffragettes and suffrage proponents argued made their case public through political forums and peaceful as well as not so peaceful protests, suffrage opponents merely had to continue going doing business the way they thought it should be done They did not have to hold forums or protests, they simply had to maintain society s belief that women are inherentlyRead MoreHow Medicine Changed American History1296 Words   |  6 Pageschanged American Society. The progression of medicine has impacted American lives in multiple ways. It has changed how the United States military uses medicine, how American scientists research medicine, and how everyday American citizens use medicine. Just 100 years ago, the people of the time period would not have been able to comprehend the medical advances that today’s society experiences, and what postmodern societies will continue to experience. Over time, the progression of medicine affected Am ericanRead MoreThe Fight For Women s Rights1711 Words   |  7 Pagesthat advocate the equal rights of women on all grounds. While the concept has been present for centuries, its magnitude in the United States has only become largely recognized throughout the 20th century. In particular, feminism has had its most lasting effects through two large waves in the early 1900’s, whilst fighting for women’s suffrage, and the 1960’s to 1970’s, which focused on women in the workplace and counteracting the submissive roles assigned to women in the 1950’s. These political battlesRead MoreA Historical Perspective: The Wage Gap1586 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral decades, most American women occupied a supportive, home oriented role within society, outside of the workplace. However, as the mid-twentieth century approached a gender role paradigm occurred. The sequence of the departure of men for war, the need to fill employment for a growing economy, a handful of critical legal cases, the Black Civil Rights movement seen and heard around the nation, all greatly influenced and demanded social change for human and women’s rights. This momentous period beganRead MoreHow Is The Handmaids Tale As A Dystopian Society1419 Words   |  6 Pageshuman, which that can be taken for granted; these features are: the freedom to think for one s self, as well as the ability to read and write; the capacity to have control over one s body, with or without influence from loved ones, or figures of authority, who use worker s bodies as if they were clay, in order to manipulate them for their own personal again; and finally, the ability to have the right for privacy and time alone. In order to grow as a person, as well as the ability to be multi-faceted;Read MoreThe Impact On The Women s Suffrage Movement1339 Words   |  6 PagesOf all the issues that were in the middle of reformation mid 1800’s, antislavery, education, intemperance, prison refor m, and world peace, women’s rights was the most radical idea proposed. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was a rally held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton with the common goal to eventually achieve equal rights among all citizens. Frederick Douglass, who became an acclaimed activist in the African American Equal Rights movement, accompanied the movement. Moreover, The Declaration of SentimentsRead MoreImpact Of Gloria Steinem On Feminism1259 Words   |  6 PagesGloria Steinem’s Impact on Feminism   Ã‚  Ã‚   The feminism movement throughout the 1900’s showed much progression to equality in western society. It was this pivotal century that set the ball rolling for important women’s rights, including women’s suffrage in 1920, John F. Kennedy passing the Equal Pay Act in 1963, and even sparked revolutionary women such as Amelia Earhart, one of the first female pilots. But like all new changes there was room for improvement. This is where great speakers such as journalist

Format for the Celebration Speech Free Essays

Format for the Celebration Speech Introduction: I. Attention GetterAn attention grabbing statement to get the audience interested in learning about your process II. Connection to the AudienceTell them why they should listen to you (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Format for the Celebration Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. how does learning this process benefit them personally) III. Central Idea/ Thesis StatementA one sentence summary and preview of the entire speech, i. e. What are you teaching them? Body: * Transition Statement * I. Body Area Main IdeaA one sentence summary of the first body area A. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area B. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area * Transition Statement* II. Body Area Main IdeaA one sentence summary of the second body area A. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area B. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. he main idea for the body area * Transition Statement* III. Body Area Main IdeaA one sentence summary of the third body area A. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area B. Supporting MaterialInformation that confirms, illustrates, explains, etc. the main idea for the body area * Transition Statement* Conclusion: I. Central IdeaRestate the central idea to review the main point of the speech II. Reconnect the Attention GetterReiterat e your attention getter. This makes your speech feel â€Å"complete†) Note: You have some leeway with how to format the body areas for this speech. A Celebration speech or an Informative speech is organized depending upon the information you are sharing about your topic. You should focus on interesting facts, uses, etc. about your topic and should NOT do a recounting of the chronological information about the topic. Audiences quickly become bored with this approach. How to cite Format for the Celebration Speech, Essay examples

Charles Dickens A Christmas carol Essay Example For Students

Charles Dickens A Christmas carol Essay Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth on the 17th February 1812 even though he spent most of his childhood in London where he based many of his stories and novels. He became the editor of a magazine called Bentleys miscellany which me made instantly successful by his serialisation of Oliver Twist which was one of his most famous and most heard of novels. Stave one is all about introducing Scrooges personality to use and we quickly find out that he is a protagonist. He is elfish, miserly and a bitter old man. He is described in the first few pages (7 and 8) with cold, sharp and winter images such as ice and frost and these images are very ironic towards Scrooges cold icy grim, bitter and misanthropic character. He avoids all people and as much company as possible, he avoids beggars, market salesmen, children and even animals. He has a work clerk called Bob Cratchit who is very over worked and especially for the total of 15 shillings that Scrooge pays him each week even though Bob has a family of six people. Scrooge provides Bob Cratchit at work with a small coal fire which he wont even let Bob fill up with enough coal to keep Bob mildly warm in the winter conditions of Scrooges bitter, chilly office. Scrooge is even angry with Bob for asking for Christmas day off even though Bob works 364 days a year not including Christmas day. Scrooges nephew Fred the enters Scrooges office and makes a long and touching speech about Christmas and unwisely Bob claps at the speech which was a bad mistake as Scrooge gets very close to sacking Bob for that one incident there and then. Scrooge is unnecessarily rude and impolite towards Fred who just comes to see his uncle just to wish him a merry Christmas and ask him if he would like to join him and his fianci e for Christmas dinner. Then scrooge repeats his bad tempered catchphrase Bah Humbug and tries to get Fred to leave his office. He says, Everyone who celebrates should berried with a stake of holly through his heart and refuses to come and take up Fred on his invite to Christmas dinner and continues to say Goodbye. Next two gentlemen from a charity come to Scrooges office and ask him to give some money and scrooge refuses when they ask him how much he wants to pledge, Scrooge replies, Are there now work houses and no poor houses that they can go to then the men say yes there are but they would sooner die than go there, with that Scrooge replies then they better do it and decrease the surpluses population. Also the two men ask how much to give and he says nothing with the two men replying you wish to remain anonymous then scrooge says I wish to be left alone. He refuses to have his name out down (not because he wants to remain anonymous) but because he doesnt want to waste his money. The two men leave unhappy and amazed that scrooge can be so mean and miserly when he has so much money and when its Christmas too. After scrooge finishes work and has thrown a carol singer away from his office he goes and has dinner in a dark tavern then goes home to his called, lonely and dark house. Now in the story it starts to get ghostly and supernatural. As scrooge returns to his home and is about o unlock the front door he sees his old business partners face, Jacob Marley in the knocker of the door, which spooks scrooge but doesnt really affect him. Then scrooge goes into his house and hears some chains and bells ringing, and then all of a sudden he hears Jacob Marley. Scrooge is then reluctant to believe that it is Jacob and think she is imagining it. Marley then tells scrooge that then chains that he is wearing he forged in life through all the bad things he had done when he was living and if scrooge doesnt change then he will have the same fate as Marley. .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 , .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .postImageUrl , .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 , .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672:hover , .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672:visited , .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672:active { border:0!important; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672:active , .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672 .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f5b572821f8fcdc4181666a2574c672:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Write an analysis of Baz Luhrman's opening sequence of Romeo and Juliet. How does it grab the audiences' attention? EssayMarley then goes and flies out of the window. Marleys ghost and a whole chorus other ghosts wailing and screaming outside scrooges window after he tells him that he will be visited by three ghost. Then scrooge gets visited by the first ghost, The ghost of Christmas past who takes scrooge to his old school and shoes him all his class mates and also when he worked for his old employer, Mr. Fezzywig and also when he was engaged to his fianci e but shoes the brake up between them. The next ghost to visit scrooge is The ghost of Christmas present who is big, cheerful, happy and charitable ghost, which is the complete opposite to scrooge. He shows Scrooge many things for example how Bob Cratchit have to live, how they celebrate or try and celebrate there Christmas and even though they have little if any money they are all happy and merry and Bob even finds it in his heart to toast Scrooge which Mrs Cratchit finds bad to say the least. He shoes scrooge how his nephew celebrates Christmas with his fianci e and friends. Finally he shows Scrooge two children called Want and Ignorance and finally the ghost blesses all men, beggars and prisoners, as they celebrate Christmas. The fourth and final ghost is the ghost of Christmas yet to come. This ghost is dressed all in black and has a black hood on so you cant even see his face. This ghost doesnt talk at all and makes Scrooge think for him self and work everything out on his own. He shows scrooge some people-talking bout the death of someone who they didnt care about and scrooge doesnt know its him. At the very end the ghost points to a grave, Scrooge goes to read the name on the grave, which is Ebenezer Scrooge. Scrooge wakes up in his own bed with all his own personal belongings and bed cloths. He opens the window and shouts to a young boy to ask what the day is  the boys says its Christmas day of cores and asks if the Prize winning turkey is down the street still and for sale, the boys says it is and Scrooge asks the boy if he can go and buy it for him and he will give him some money if he goes and gets it, the boy agrees and Scrooge throws down some money and off the boy runs as fast as possible. Finally in the play scrooge goes round to Bob Cratchits house with a giant turkey and have a large happy Christmas feast where tiny comes out with one of the most memorable and well known lines from the novel which is God bless us everyone. Overall I feel Scrooge meeting the ghost was a large area of change for Scrooge and overall had the largest part in playing when changing from a miserly old skin flint to a humble, happy and merry old man. Scrooge changes his ways as a result of the three ghosts and Jacob Marley. Scrooge becomes a better person overall and changes for the better and treats everyone nicely and like a human being even all the children especially Tiny Tim and Scrooge as the book says becomes like a second father to tiny Tim.

Philosophy What Is Justice Essays - Medical Ethics, Euthanasia

Philosophy: What Is Justice? What Justice? Can there be justice for all? To answer this question I must first define what justice is. Justice is the quality of being just, impartial or fair in your dealings with others according to Merriam Websters Collegiate Dictionary. Keeping that definition in mind, I now must turn to the Voices of Wisdom in order to find an example of a situation in which all parties feel that they are being treated justly. After examining examples such as: Euthanasia, discrimination based on sexual orientation, and equal opportunity offered within the book, it becomes clear to me that there is in fact no possible way for there to be justice for all because everyones judgement is in some way or another clouded by their own self interests. Euthanasia, people can decide exactly how they want to live but should we as a society allow them the right to decide exactly how they want to die? On the one hand you have the question is it just to kill someone or allow them to die when help is available? The obvious answer is no of course not. This is a prime example of why there can be no justice for all, because on the other hand you have the question is it fair to force someone to live through unbearable pain in anticipation of an agonizing death? The obvious answer to that question is also no. This is where our self-interests come into play. It is in the patients own self interests to die because it will ease her pain, but is not in mine to alleviate her of her life because death is final and irreversible, and because euthanasia contains within it the possibility that [I] will work against [my] own interest if [I] practice it or allow it to be practiced on [others]. (J. Gay-Williams, pp.185). This is why our own self-interests unavoidably will not allow us to have a just society. A society is only as equitable as the treatment accorded its most vulnerable members. Therefore, discrimination against anyone based on his or her sexual orientation is a clear and incurable symptom of an unjust society. For example, should someones sexual orientation be grounds for restricting their rights? (Daniel C. Palm) The impartial answer would of course be no, everyone should be treated the same. But we still hear the chant No gays or lesbians in the military. This is because it is in the self interests of the heterosexual people in the military have homosexuals in the military. The injustice of this idea becomes crystal clear when we examine the opposite statement of No heterosexuals in the military an idea that is equally ludicrous. (Kessler, pp.174) As a result of the way we instinctively treat those that are different because they are seen as a threat, our society is will remain perpetually unjust. (Richard E. Mohr) Because of widespread discrimination based not only on race, but also on sex, religion and sexual preference it is impossible for society to offer each and every individual a perfectly equal chance at opportunities such as hiring, promotion, housing, and educational practices that should be within their reach; as a consequence, it is impossible for society to be just for all. According to the formal principle of justice, it is required that benefits and burdens be distributed fairly according to relevant differences and similarities. (Kessler, pp.175) Using this principle it would seem that affirmative action programs of preferential treatment are in truth unjust to white males in that such programs require that all things being equal preferential treatment should be given to minorities and females which violates the formal principle of justice by not treating equal people equally. On the other hand, such preferential treatment programs are often justified by appeal to the principle of compensatory justice, which states that whenever an injustice has happened a just compensation must be made to those who have been injured. (Kessler, pp.194) According to that principle affirmative action should be considered just in relationship to minorities. As a result, because equal opportunity legislation is not in accordance with the best self-interests of most white males but it is in accordance with those of most minorities, this

The US government response to steel industry and union efforts to win protection from imports Essays

The US government response to steel industry and union efforts to win protection from imports Essays The US government response to steel industry and union efforts to win protection from imports Essay The US government response to steel industry and union efforts to win protection from imports Essay This case was the response of the US government to the domestic Steel Industry which had been facing downturns as a result of the falling profits, reduced prices, several bankruptcies and several thousands of jobs losses which has been affecting the industry since the year 1998, even though before 1998 also the condition of the US steel industry had started to decline. This state of the industry has been affecting the US governments headed by Bill Clinton as well as the Bush administration when it came into the White House in 2001. Such a trend in the domestic steel industry has been the result of the foreign imports which had been unfairly priced. In order to make the industry back to its normal position of profit-making, the representatives of the steel industry put forward before the Clinton   administration for Section 201 action, which is a trade ruling, which if proved to be successful would permit the President to bring about a steel quota or other me thods of far-reaching relief for the industry. However various critics of such relief measures stated that such measures would lead to misplacement as well as unjustified relief. Various analysts of the steel industry stated that such a situation of the US steel firms were because of the increased supply capacity present throughout the world and in US and also because various economists and consumers of steel had pointed out that cheap foreign steel was in fact good for US and the provision of quotas would affect trade retaliation. There was opinions as of the nature that if steel quotas was imposed by the US government it would tend to affect the export of steel from other countries which were actually depending on steel exports for the progress of their economy and would only be advantageous to the steel industry affecting the broader US economy. The foreign steel makers were of the view that the situation of the US steel industry was as a result of increased competition among the domestic firms and also because of an absence of consolidation. As the Clinton administration left without bringing about the case for Section 201 and the Bush administration was pressurized to bring about a comprehensive 201 trade investigation, the decisions of the Bush administration was expected to have wide-ranging effects for the steel industry of the country, for the entire US economy and for the country’s link with other foreign partners. When Bush administration came into power in 2001, even though the Steel Workers Union and Congressional Steel Caucus did not attempt to establish relationship with the President, they made all efforts in order to bring about protection for the industry. However it was expected that there would be attempts at promoting policies for free trade and that Bush would not allow for section 201 for protection of the steel industry. By March 2001, a broad-based coalition of steel associations emphasized for a comprehensive relief package for the declining steel industry and started to request the administration to bring about the case for section 201 or to find other measures which were compatible with the WTO regulations to tighten the imports into the country. There was a great demand for implementing section 201 as other measures of dumping cases was not proving to be effective. Even though it was expected that Bush administration would not implement the case for section 201, on 5 June, 2001, President Bush to the surprise of all and go by going against the free trade principles of the Republican Party, announced that his administration would bring out a case of section 201 for 33 kinds of steel imports. However this attempt of bringing about a case of section 201 was being criticized as being yielding into the pressure of the unions and industry. There was also criticism that such a move for section 201 would affect US consumers as well as steel consuming industries by putting a restriction on importing steel.   Critics argued that subsidies and protection would not create facilities for competitive industries. There was criticism that Bush was implementing the policy so as to garner support before the November mid-term elections and positioning Bush for the 2004 presidential elections. Such a move for section 201 also created dissatisfaction with the for eign trading partners, especially, EU. However Bush administration knew very well that the case for section 201 would ultimately violate the provisions of WTO law. And as a result the WTO dispute panel in May 2003 ruled that the safeguards being put forward by the US in all of the 10 types of steel imports were considered to be illegal. Later this ruling was also upheld by the appellate body of the WTO and this created appeals from foreign trade experts, members of the Congress, steel makers as well as steel union representatives. But Bush administration stood silent on the issue. However when the EU started its moves of retaliation, Bush administration was forced to terminate section 201, after a 20-month long period of tariffs against steel import. Such a move was considered to have brought an end to efforts of consolidation of the steel industry by the steel unions and on the other hand was the decision was upheld by the critics of section 201 that it would pave a way for free-trade efforts to promote the steel industry to be competitive. This case study shows the attempts at protecting the steel industry by the US government with measures at curtailing steel imports such as dumping which when proved ineffective being altered with the measure of section 201 so as to promote the domestic steel industry. These measures had to be adopted as the steel industry was badly hit by declining prices, falling profits and increased imports, and the Government had to intervene in order to protect and promote the domestic steel industry.

Analysis of the Case Oticon Using the Political Metaphor Essay Sample

1. IntroductionThe metaphors of organisations and direction have been discussed by Gareth Morgan in his book â€Å"Images of Organizations† ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Morgan exposed eight metaphorical images of organisations including machine. being. encephalon. civilization. political system. psychic prison. flux and transmutation. and instrument of domination. Each one of these metaphors creates insight. but besides obscures some corners. They have both pros and cons. They enable seeing. but besides non seeing. No 1 of them is said to be right and right. 2. BackgroundChattanooga Ice Cream Division is one of three major incorporated industries to CFC. Chattanooga Food Corporation. The division lost third-largest client for no logical grounds. Charles Moore. the president and general director of the division conducted a direction meeting to discourse current state of affairss. look into the root causes. and happen out proper solutions. Many struggles occurred during the meeting. The actions and reactions can be projected to reflect how the division maps as one of metaphorical images. In this study. the instance is analyzed utilizing the political system metaphor. In other words. it discusses what we could see and reflect when projecting the division’s behaviour on the rules and attacks of the political system metaphor. 3. TheoryAn organization’s political relations is most clearly manifest in the struggles and power dramas that sometimes occupy halfway phase. and in the infinite interpersonal machinations that provide recreations in the flow of organisational activity. More basically. nevertheless. political relations occurs on an on-going footing. frequently in a manner that is unseeable to all but those straight involved ( Bacharach A ; Lawler. 2000 ) . There are three relationships to be considered when speech production of organisations the systems of political activities. which are involvements. struggle and power ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Politics accepts the world of multilateralism. Therefore. the construct of political relations is strongly connected with the diverseness of involvements. Projecting that on organisations by and large. they could be regarded as spheres for accommodating different involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . Different involvements are natural and must be handled. For that intent. the general involvements are analyzed as single involvements. There are three types of single involvements including undertaking. calling. and extramural involvements. Undertaking involvements are connected with the work one time has to execute. while calling involvements are connected to what the individual want to accomplish with the work. The extramural involvements are connected what we want to accomplish as a private self’s. There is a structural diverseness of involvements in organisations. That could be bounded by two extremes along hierarchal graduated tables. where bureaucrats’ inclination represents the upper portion. and professionals’ inclination dominates the lower broad countries ( Benson. 1973 ) . When involvements collide. struggles arise. The political position admits the presence of struggles. There are three major signifiers of struggles including. struggles between individual. groups/departments. and value systems/structures ( Brown. 1983 ) . There are five chief attacks for struggle declaration. including avoiding. viing. suiting. compromising and collaborating manners ( Burrell A ; Morgan. 1979 ) . Power is the medium through which struggles are resolved ( Bacharach A ; Lawler. 1980 ) . There are two relevant positions of power signifiers including resources and societal relation or dependence. Furthermore. there are 14 beginnings of power. That may affect formal authorization ; control of scarce resources ; usage of organisational construction. regulations. and ordinances ; control of determination procedures ; control of cognition and information ; control of boundaries ; ability to get by with uncertainness ; control of engineering ; interpersonal confederations. webs. and control of informal organisation ; control of counterorganizations ; symbolism the direction of significance ; gender and the direction gender dealingss ; structural factors that define the phases of action ; and the power one already has ( Morgan. 2006 ) . 4. Analysis4. 1. InterestsWhen looking through the instance of Chattanooga Ice Cream Division. many manifestations and contemplation could be analyzed from the political system metaphor position. One of the worlds that political relations accept is that all political systems embrace different involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . The meeting Moore conducted reflects this world every bit good. As we noticed. many frailty presidents of the division’s sections tried to depict and analyse the job the division experienced in a manner that made their sections out of lending causes. For case. Billy Fale. the frailty president of production. tried to justify his section by explicating their immense attempt to acquire stock lists manageable despite the limited efficiency the division’s information systems had. Whereas. Stephanie Krane. the division’s accountant. blamed the complexness of the information systems that required long clip to develop. trial. and put in. Furthermore. for forcing herself off of the causation factors. Krane explained her experience to retrieve old problems. The other frailty presidents manipulated the description of the state of affairs so that the possible solutions go in their departments’ favours or involvements so to talk. Barry Walkins. the frailty president of selling. attributed the job to the disregard of his recommendations. He asked sing mixed-ins in the division’s production program. establishing that on his selling research. He might be seen as a director who wanted to enter a triumph for his manner of thought. researches. or departmental sphere. Another contemplation could be built on the reaction of Les Holly. the division’s gross revenues director. He tried to drive the sentiments judgmentally. Holly started reflect the root causes of the job from the sense that the remainder of directors didn’t have the broad image he had. since he used to pass most of the clip in the shops. He focused on operational lacks. such as stockouts and back orders. to do it rational to counterbalance that with the promotional allowances. irrespective any other conducive factors. Moore has accepted the difference of involvements of the directors. This is evident from the manner he dealt with their sentiments. He considered all solutions in malice of his familiarity to the background of motivations for each director. The single involvements could be classified into undertaking involvement. calling involvements. and extramural involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . Fale showed his involvements of maintaining everything under control by rejecting the alteration Walkins proposed. All his reactions during the meeting seemed to be operational and numerical contemplations. That sort of involvements could be seen as undertaking involvements. The same is to be said for Krane. Her remarks reflect her involvement of lodging to certainty and non doing mistakes. On the other manus. Holly’s involvements may be classified as calling involvements. as he emphasized on the promotional allowances many times. Possibly. he wanted to better his external personal relationships utilizing such allotments. In the same context. we think that Walkin’s involvements could be classified as extram ural involvements. since he wanted to turn out his endowment of marketing research practically. His proposal was rational and strongly relevant to the job. He tried to demo his trueness through his honest efforts to do the division changes positively. This manner of categorization doesn’t needfully mean that this categorization is an absolute affair. All of them may hold overlapped involvements that belong to each class. ConflictsAnother common facet of the political system is struggles. Conflict will ever be present every bit long as the involvements collide. That may include struggles between individuals. sections. and constructions ( Coser. 1956 ) . In Chattanooga. the struggle arose between Fale and Walkins were more personal. Walkins criticized Fale’s disregard to his suggestion. and Fale in bend criticized Walkins’ thoughts. Both reviews were directed to the personal behavior. Additionally. Holly criticized the policy concerned with cost decrease at the disbursal of gross revenues section. The struggle arose between him and Krane could be seen as departmental struggle. There are five common manners of struggle declaration including avoiding. via media. competition. adjustment. and coaction ( Burrell A ; Morgan. 1979 ) . For Chattanooga. and before the age of Charlie Moore. his male parent led the show wholly. He was the first responsible for about everything. while Charlie wanted to travel the division toward the collaborative manner. During the meeting. he gave manner for everybody to demo their contemplations. But they were still unfamiliar with this sort of communicating. When struggles arose. Moore played the function of moderator. which was doing certain that everybody would show about their ideas and sentiments reasonably. However. he kept the concluding determination to himself. We find the behavior Moore showed in struggle declaration is more like the adjustment manner. PowerPower is a really important histrion in the political systems. It is the medium through which struggles are resolved. There are 14 beginnings of power ( Morgan. 2006 ) . many of them could be projected on the instance. One of that is control of scarce resources including money. stuff. forces. and engineering ( Emerson. 1962 ) . Krane. as the division’s accountant. had the control to apportion resources including wages. disbursals. and information systems. She had extra beginning of power that represents a structural factor that defines the phase of histrions ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . This beginning of power came from her being monitored. non merely by Moore. but besides by Arthur Silver. the main fiscal officer. Therefore. she had more considerable power to accept or reject any thought. which interprets her confident reactions during the meeting. Fale. as the frailty president of production. had besides the power of engineering ( Child. 1985 ) . boundaries ( Millar A ; Rice. 1967 ) and resources control ( Emerson. 1962 ) . He had besides the ability to ge t by with uncertainnesss ( Hickson et al. . 1971 ) . His contemplations were cardinal and referral. since he managed the production procedures and could judge any suggestion wanted to be implemented. Fale had extra power of interpersonal confederations ( Pfeffer A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . which is represented by his friendly relationship with Frank O’Brien. the frailty president of forces. They used to hang out with each other for angling. When Frank changed his place during the meeting. Fale became more flexible to accommodate with Walkins’ proposal. That reflects a serious impact of interpersonal confederations within the organisation ( Pfeffer A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . Krane and Fale had the power of Moore’s trust in run intoing their promises ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . In the same context. Walkins had besides the power of information and cognition ( Crozier. 1964 ) . which is represented by his familiarity to the market tendencies and competitory advantages. Moore admitted his endowment and that was besides extra credits for Walkins. Bing the division’s gross revenues director. Holly had besides the power of cognition and networking ( Pfeffe r A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . He could lend in the solution by happening new clients. His direct exposure to the market added more power to him. In general and as a direction squad. all directors had the power of the usage of organisational construction. regulations. and ordinances ( Crozier. 1964 ) . But Moore might hold the biggest portion of power. non merely due to him being a general director. but besides as a descendent of the household to the full owned the division ( Kanter. 1977 ) . He controlled the determination doing procedure wholly ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . He started that by analysing the job. Then. he motivated the directors to portion their ideas. Finally. he ended up with choosing the most efficient solution that might accommodate the client orientation and budget. 5. CONCLUSIONSEven though the organisational political relations may be recognizable by everybody within any organisation. it is really rare to discourse it openly ( Morgan. 2006 ) . The instance of Chattanooga shows clear illustrations of subjects discussed in private. as we found when the caputs of sections questioned the competency and trustiness of each other. As discussed before. we can acknowledge that it is necessarily that political relations is indispensable characteristic of organisational life. The political metaphor emphasizes that the usage of power is cardinal of organisational analysis. The metaphor helps to better understand organizations’ reason. as it enforces the thought that actions within organisations are more political than rational ( Morgan. 2006 ) . In Chattanooga. each director suggested solutions so that to increase the benefits for his/her section instead than the benefit for the division as a whole. Furthermore. the political metaphor helps to happ en solutions to the thought that organisations are incorporate constructions. which is non ever the instance ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Moore failed to merely use the collaborative values of squad work in Chattanooga. while that worked successfully when he worked at National Geographic. The political metaphor focuses on involvements. struggles and beginnings of power in order to understand and pull off them ( Morgan. 2006 ) . That besides helped Moore to understand the force drivers within the division. Finally. the metaphor has great influence to actuate persons to move politically. The chief drawback of utilizing the political metaphor is frights of change overing every activity within organisations into political Acts of the Apostless. This may sometimes make ambiance of uncertainness and misgiving ( Morgan. 2006 ) . That appears in the Chattanooga instance when most of troughs reflected negative feelings about each other. Another restriction is that the coevals of penetrations through different involvements possibly misused to accomplish personal ends. Last. but non least. it is complex to cover with pluralism’s inquiry. As a consequence. the political metaphor must be used carefully ( Morgan. 2006 ) . 6. Reference Bachrach. P. and Baratz. M. S. ( 1962 ) . †Two Faces of Power. † American Political Science Review. Bachrach. P. and Baratz. M. S. ( 1970 ) . Power and Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. Bacharach. S. B. and Lawler. E. I. ( 1980 ) . Power and Politics in Organizations. San Francisco: Iossey-Bass. Bacharach. S. B. and Lawler. E. I. ( 2000 ) . Organizational Politics. Stamford. Connecticut: IAI Press. Benson. I. K. ( 1973 ) . â€Å"The Analysis of Bureaucratic-Professional Con?ict. † Sociological Quarterly. Brown. L. D. ( 1983 ) . â€Å"Managing Con?ict Among Groups. † pp. 225-237 in D. A. Kolb. I. M. Rubin. and Mclntyre. I. Organizational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs. Nickel: Prentice Hall. Buroway. M. ( 1979 ) . Manufacturing Consent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Burrell. G. and Morgan. G. ( 1979 ) . Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. London: Heinernann Educational Books. Child. I. ( 1935 ) . â€Å"Management Strategies. N ew Technology and the Labour Process. † in D. Knights. H. Willmott. and Collinson. D. Job Redesign. Aldershot. United kingdom: Cnnlpr. Coser. L. A. ( 1956 ) . The Functions of Social Con?ict. New York: Routledge A ; Kegan Paul. Crozier. M. ( 1964 ) . The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. London: Tavistock. Culbert. S. and McDonough. I. ( 1980 ) . The Invisible War: Prosecuting Self-Interest at Work. Toronto: Iohn Wiley. Emerson.

Thomson One - Business School Edition - Walt Disney Prospectus Essay - 1

Thomson One - Business School Edition - Walt Disney Prospectus - Essay Example This is a type of debt whereby the investors are paid an interest rate for their money. This debt is different from others in that its interest rate resets after every four months. A company that offers this kind of debt has the right to sell bonds whose benchmark is different from those that are linked to the United States of America. Companies embrace this type of debt since they are able to hedge against risks related to interest rates and at the same time remain in corporates. Its main aim was to attract long term investors into buying the stocks. The company targeted both the existing as well as new investors. The fact that the debentures were offered as floating debt was one major factor that increased their marketability. The interest rates were to be offered in quarterly basis and this served to attract many people to buy the bonds. In addition, the bonds’ interests could be reviewed after every four months, a factor that could also increase its marketability. They wer e to be sold on the basis of shareholding. Those who already have shares at the company would fill an enrolment form to get the bonds at a minimum lower amount. Those who do not hold shares were also given a chance to buy the bonds but their minimum amount was set at a higher than the existing shareholders. 2) List the dollar amount of debt Disney proposed to sell to the public. Indicate whether this amount has increased or decreased from 2008 to 2010. Discuss some potential causes of this increase or decrease. At the time when Disney proposed to sell its debentures to the public, the amount to be sold was stated to be $1 billion (High Beam Business, 2013). The bonds were to be issued in the denominations of $2, 000. For the excess of $2, 000, there was to be issues of integral multiples of $1, 000. It is important to note that the proceeds that the company was to receive equalled $989, 760, 000 with the rest being commission to agents which was stated at the rate of 0.35% (High Bea m Business, 2013). Between the years 2008 and 2010, the amount in dollars increased. There are a number of reasons that could have led to this increase. One of them is the fact that the company needed more money as the expansion plan changed as the business environment changed. In addition, the company’s profitability may have reduced due to the global economic crisis that hit most countries. This reduced the amount of profit that the company could have re-invested and hence it had to borrow more. 3) Determine the percentage of the sales price Disney nets after discounts and commissions. Indicate whether this amount as decreased or increased from 2008 to 2010. Discuss some potential causes of this increase or decrease For every sale of shares or any kind of securities including bonds and debentures, the company usually does not sell them directly. The securities are normally sold through a broker or an agent who has to be paid a commission. In addition, the company may opt to sell its securities at a discount or at a premium. Discounts are expenses to be charged on revenue while premium is recorded as an income. In the case of Walt Disney, the bonds were not sold at a discount. However, there was a commission fee that was pain to the agents who were selling the bonds on behalf of the company. As it has been mentioned earlier, the discounts/ commissions

State of current US Economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

State of current US Economy - Term Paper Example The rise in growth is primarily due to the contribution of positive factors such as increase consumption, increased volumes of exports and growing in domestic investments. The increase in imports was also registered in the second quarter. This increase was likely influenced by the stronger dollar. The real GDP and the potential GDP were closely compatible in the years that preceeded the great recession. However, the real GDP shrunk dramatically during the recession. This contraction continued for some time until in 2009 when a slight improvement was registered. Despite the increase, the contraction of the real GDP is still evident since the output gap in the second quarter of 2014 stood at $655000.2 The stronger GDP figures have also been tied to stronger job reports. For example, the growth between January and October was registered due to 200000 additional jobs on monthly. The low-skilled and low paying sectors of the economy also played a crucial role in resuscitating the economy. These sectors include retail and drinking places. The lowest unemployment rate was recorded and it stood at 5.8%. The unemployment is said to be the lowest since 2008. Thus, it indicates that the US economy is on a positive trajectory. Even though there was a lower rate of unemployment, the rates remain high. Some people are employed on part time in the United States and account for 7 million of the employed class. 2.2 million People are marginally attached hence indicates the existence of weak labor participation in the job markets. There has been reduced labor participation since 2009. This rate has been less than 66%. The implication of the low labor participation is that United States economy underutilizes its labor resources.3 Under normal economic circumstances, the economy should be able to encourage a high participation of the labor resources. People with various skills and talents should be willing to take part in the recruitment process to enable them

Effects of Population Density and Noise Essay Example for Free

Effects of Population Density and Noise Essay Effects of Population Density and Noise Density and noise is able to effect people differently, a person’s personal space; territory and privacy can be disrupted by other people, chronic noise, and short-term noise. The different effects can be from an annoying noise to a more strong intrusive and anxiety forming illness. When population density increases the personal space, privacy and territory are approached a person may demand the acknowledgment to help stop or prevent crowding, and to help maintain the anxiety and frustration levels that a person could reach. Personal space is defined as â€Å"a physical distance that people choose to keep in interpersonal relationships† (Hutchinson Kowalski, 1999). Personal space can also be defined as a invisible space or boundaries that surrounds a person’s body and where other people would be considered an intruder if the individual gets to close to that person. Territorial space is when a person uses durable but preventative behaviors such as a defense of a home, place, person, objects, etc. This could also be done by verbal, signs, self-markers, this can imply to a person the one in or on that property or near the property will react in a manner that will help keep that space safe. People are not the only one’s or things that use territory. Animals use territory to show ownership. Privacy is defined as â€Å"a control over information about a person and have control over interaction with others† (Hutchinson Kowalski, 1999). Privacy is a major concern especially with tec hnology today, people have information that is suppose to stay private where some information can be made very public, the individuals place the values and needs of this information through technology can cause a huge risk on privacy. According to Straub (2007), a study done by John Calhoun experimented with a population density with living conditions of rats. Through his study the  rats would behave as normal and were given ample living space and as the rats population increased the rats social environment starts to deteriorate. The rats would kill the young, reproduction would decrease, the rats would fight, and some even became cannibals. Although the study does not completely compare to people, the behavior of people can have certain affects as the population starts to get denser. Population density can start to affect crowding, which can ultimately lead to people feeling confined and very limited to the surroundings. In crowding a person can â€Å"start to feel aggression, inappropriate social interaction, social withdraws, and sometimes even criminal actions† (Stokols, 1972). If crowding becomes a factor but is able to be decreased the personal space, territory and privacy could be restored. This be comes a high demand and needs to be acknowledged so that others do not feel controlled or start to react to such annoyances. Having the perception of population density gives components, one being ample space provided to that person, and two having crowding diminish. This giving the perception of space an influences to give more space if needed. Since crowding is inevitable a person psychological mindset is to change with the space that is given. If the person is able to get the space they need the likelihood of the person not having high anxiety and stress could look into a positive spectrum. Natural settings are typically managed, such as zoos, green spaces, even parks, this can create a social context as well as a support, this leading to interaction, and nurturing the environment, especially in urban living situations. People who are able to live in urban settings and are able to encourage the perception to live with nature are more influenced that people were to believe that nature would reduce disease, it would increase health and would reduce crime, although most theories are able to support this evidence. Urban parks can play a significant role in not only physical activity but some evidence even support fewer health issues. Some studies found that people who live in green spaces have a â€Å"lower mortality rate then those who do not live in green spaces, this study was shown through the culture of the Japanese, and has also shown that the stress from urban  settings can be reduced with green spaces† (Gidlofgunnarsson Ohstrom, 2007). Having a neighborhoo d with more green space is also known to cause closer interpersonal relationships, less aggression and violence, more positive social interaction with in the community, and even better school performance. Noisy environments have also shown to be a cause in negative health issues. Through, studies of people and animals the noise in an environment can cause an â€Å"increase in cortisol levels, and blood pressure† (Staub, 2007). Studies show even chronic exposure to noise can even cause risk of cardiovascular disease, and even a decrease in learning. This can become an issue for children as well, as children grow they learn maladaptive skills and how to block certain stimuli. Having to much noise in the environment can have them learn to block the wrong stimuli’s which can have the child lack verbal skills. Due to some studies in â€Å"chronic noise effects the louder noise can start to disrupt the short term memory as decrease the ability to be able to perform even the simplest tasksâ€Å" (Straub, 2007). Although noise can not be directly responsible for stress, it does however relate to sleep disturbance, it provokes anxiety, and can affect a person’s attitude. People may not have access to control the noise outside the homes, but the ways of decreasing the noise would be putting drapes up, objects on the wall, more objects within the home such as furniture. Being able to trap the sound waves from outside to the windows by layering things like blinds, and curtains, having carpet instead of wood floors would help muffle the noise that would have a tendency to bounce off the walls. There is a perception of noise that one sound will affect a presence of another sound, natural sounds like water running, is considered a white noise this ultimately effects the sound waves in an environment that are typically used in a home setting live a bath or vacuum. This can help reduce stress levels especially in young children. Some people are known to purchase sound machines, which can be inexpensive and take only a small portion of electricity. Auditory Masking is what creates this noise on top  of noise. This does not change the noise that is around but it will be able to decrease the awareness of such noises. Infants seem to be the ones who adjust more to auditory masking, if a mother/father is vacuuming as the child is crying to constant noise of the vacuum starts to soothe the child into a sleep (in most cases). Looking back, privacy, territoriality, and personal space are involved in a personal choice and is that person’s individual perceptions of how the space is used for a normal functioning day. Privacy can be subjected by technology, which in some cases cause the privacy to be leaked to the public. There are some psychological effects that the perceptions of the choices that person has made, does vary individual to individual, however limited space has a toll on every person. In urban, environments having limited space can increase aggression, and even violent behavior. The average academic performance decreases, and there is more negative reactions that is observed between the community. Intrusive noise, can cause a large amount that can cause annoyance, and depending on the individual this could lead to an interpretation of an intrusion. The access of a noise reduction can help strategies from complex to even simple annoyance. When the outside noise can not be controlled a pers on may look at internally controlling the situation which then decreases the anxiety and stress that noise can make. Having objects such as fans, or running ponds, can help reduce levels of stress due what is called â€Å"white noises†. Many people can have their personal space intruded by outside noises, especially when a person has state or county construction going on in the area. There are laws that help prevent certain times that are allowed to start and finish, just as a homeowners community does for daily noises such as mowing a lawn. Reference: Hutchison, E. D., Kowalski, S. (1999). Dimensions of human behavior: person and environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Stokols, D. (1972). On the distinction between density and crowding: Some implications for future research. Psychological Review, 79(3), 275-277. doi: 10.1037/h0032706 Straub, R. O. (2007). Health psychology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Worth.

The Neoplatonist Roots of Sufi Philosophy :: Philosophers Religion Papers

The Neoplatonist Roots of Sufi Philosophy Neoplatonism strongly influenced the development of Sufism. Neoplatonism, as developed by Plotinus conceives God to be the source and goal of everything. Islam qua institution is closed to all critical and philosophical thought, but Sufism enjoys a more liberal and critical approach. It is probable that the translations of Plotinus have provided the necessary philosophical ground for Sufism. An examination of both Sufism and Neoplatonism reveals close similarities with regard to the nature of God, the soul, the body, concepts such as goodness, evil and beauty, death and life, and creation. Islamic thought was influenced by Greek philosophy, especially the ideas of Aristotle and Plato. Sufism is a sect of Islam which has rather a different way of thought. "Sufi" is applied to Muslim mystics who, as a means of achieving union with Allah, adopted ascetic practices including wearing a garment made of coarse wool called "sf". The term "sufism" comes from "sf" meaning the person, who wears "sf". But in the course of time, sufi has come to designate all Muslim believers in mystic union. In the roots of sufi philosophy there are influences other than neoplatonist philosophy. Ascetic practices within the sufi philosophy are associated with Buddhism. The notion of purification (cleaning one' s soul from all evil things and trying to reach Nirvana and to become immortal in Nirvana) plays an important role in Buddhism. The same idea shows itself in the belief of "vuslat" (communion with God) in Sufi philosophy. Sufism was also influenced by Orpheus and related beliefs, and consequently by Pythagoras and his teachings, because Pythagoras was closely interested in Orpheus beliefs. Orpheus was a poet who lived in Anatolia in the 6th and 7th centuries BC. He was believed to have divine characteristics such as being able to influence wild animals with his music. He believed that the human soul can reach the highest level only by refining itself from all passions and worldly possessions. Soul travels from body to body in order to purify itself from its sins, disabilities, and guilts, and only after passing all these levels can it reach to its highest level, to its exalted spot. Pythagoras adopted Orpheus beliefs about soul, and integrated it with his own ideas. Later, the Neopythagoreans regarded Pythagoras as the source of divinely revealed knowledge. They accepted as truth whatever appealed to them in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics The Neoplatonist Roots of Sufi Philosophy :: Philosophers Religion Papers The Neoplatonist Roots of Sufi Philosophy Neoplatonism strongly influenced the development of Sufism. Neoplatonism, as developed by Plotinus conceives God to be the source and goal of everything. Islam qua institution is closed to all critical and philosophical thought, but Sufism enjoys a more liberal and critical approach. It is probable that the translations of Plotinus have provided the necessary philosophical ground for Sufism. An examination of both Sufism and Neoplatonism reveals close similarities with regard to the nature of God, the soul, the body, concepts such as goodness, evil and beauty, death and life, and creation. Islamic thought was influenced by Greek philosophy, especially the ideas of Aristotle and Plato. Sufism is a sect of Islam which has rather a different way of thought. "Sufi" is applied to Muslim mystics who, as a means of achieving union with Allah, adopted ascetic practices including wearing a garment made of coarse wool called "sf". The term "sufism" comes from "sf" meaning the person, who wears "sf". But in the course of time, sufi has come to designate all Muslim believers in mystic union. In the roots of sufi philosophy there are influences other than neoplatonist philosophy. Ascetic practices within the sufi philosophy are associated with Buddhism. The notion of purification (cleaning one' s soul from all evil things and trying to reach Nirvana and to become immortal in Nirvana) plays an important role in Buddhism. The same idea shows itself in the belief of "vuslat" (communion with God) in Sufi philosophy. Sufism was also influenced by Orpheus and related beliefs, and consequently by Pythagoras and his teachings, because Pythagoras was closely interested in Orpheus beliefs. Orpheus was a poet who lived in Anatolia in the 6th and 7th centuries BC. He was believed to have divine characteristics such as being able to influence wild animals with his music. He believed that the human soul can reach the highest level only by refining itself from all passions and worldly possessions. Soul travels from body to body in order to purify itself from its sins, disabilities, and guilts, and only after passing all these levels can it reach to its highest level, to its exalted spot. Pythagoras adopted Orpheus beliefs about soul, and integrated it with his own ideas. Later, the Neopythagoreans regarded Pythagoras as the source of divinely revealed knowledge. They accepted as truth whatever appealed to them in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics

Music Appreciation Unit review Essay

Review Questions: 1) Popular music is any music since industrialization in the mid-1800s that meet middle class expectations. Popular contains all different types of music and Pop music is just simply a type of music included in popular music. It’s kind of like saying all Maple trees are trees but not all trees are Maple trees! 2) Themes such as love and relationships are used to create much of the pop music lyrics. A song that uses this theme would be Tina Turner’s song â€Å"What’s love got to do with it†, in which Turner describes love as being nothing more than a heart break. It was a popular theme because many people could relate it to their lives and their situation. 3) Disco had â€Å"soaring† vocals and a beat that made you want to dance- Rhythm often emphasized. It didn’t play a tempo to fast nor slow (between 100-130 bpm) and was made in the 1970’s. 4) The British Invasion is when British boy bands and their music started to become very popular in the United States of America. The Beatles were a large impact in this movement. They mixed many different kinds of music together which then caused others to do as well. The Beatles also sang about social issues while still incorporating catchy lyrics and rhythm. 5) A boy band usually consist of 3-6 younger male singers and they rarely use instruments. They also perform highly choreographed dance routines. And they all have their classifications ________________________________________ Critical Thinking Questions: 1) Yes I believe music is still used as a form of protest. There are still many songs where the sole purpose of lyrical is to protest some social issue. For example the band Nickelback sings many songs about coming together to help everyone. Like in their song â€Å"When We Stand Together†, a lyric that pops out is â€Å"when we could feed a starving world with what we  throw away. But all we serve are empty words that always taste the same.† While many of us know that there less fortunate people out in the world fighting to feed themselves, some take for granted that they have dinner every night. And Nickelback tried to write this song that confronted the issue that we all have to look out for one another. And there are plenty of other bands/singers that confront social and political issues. 2) Yes I believe music has become really commercialized today. Many artists are just singing for the money. Or there are some that just want to do it in order to be popular and gain their five seconds of fame. You can see this in their attitudes- caring more about the outfit they’re wearing or the car they get to show off instead of setting time aside to actually interact with their fans.

CARL ROGER’S19 propositions Essay

CARL ROGER’S 19 PROPOSITIONS PROPOSITION 1: HUMAN EXPERIENCE AT ACONCIOUS AND UNCONCIOUS LEVEL Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he is the centre. PROPOSITION 2: HUMAN PERCEPTION The organism reacts to the field as it is experienced and perceived. This perceptual; field is, for the individual, reality. PROPOSITION 3: WHOLENESS The organism reacts as a whole to this phenomenal field. PROPOSITION 4: SELF-DETREMENATION The organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism. PROPOSITION 5: NEEDS AND BEHAVIOUR Behaviour is basically the goal-directed attempt of the organism to satisfy its needs as experience, in the field as perceived. PROPOSITION 6: EMOTIONS Emotion accompanies and in general facilitates such goal directed behaviour, the kind of emotion being related to the socking versus the consummatory aspects of the behaviour, and the intensity of the emotion being related to the perceived significance of the behaviour for the maintenance and enhancement of the organism. PROPOSITION 7: FRAME OF REFERENCE The best vantage point for understanding behaviour is from the internal frame of reference for the individual himself. PROPOSITION 8: THE SELF A portion of the total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self. PROPOSITION 9: THE SELF AND SIGNIFICANT OTHERS As a result of interaction with the environment, and particularly as a result of evaluational interaction with others, the structure of self is formed – an organized, fluid, but consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relationships of the â€Å"I† or the â€Å"me† together with values attached to these concepts. PROPOSITION 10: VALUES:OWN AND ADOPTED FROM OTHERS The values attach themselves to experiences, and the values which are a part of the self structure, in some instances are values experienced directly by the organism, and in some instances are values introjected or taken over from others, but perceived in distorted fashion, as if they had been experienced directly. PROPOSITION 11: DEALING WITH EXPERIENCES AT CONCIOUS AND UNCONCIOUS LEVEL As experiences occur in the life of the individual, they are either (a) symbolised, perceived, and organized into some relationship to the self, (b) ignored because there is no perceived relationship to the self – structure, ( c ) denied symbolisation or given a distorted symbolization because the experience is inconsistent with the structure of the self. PROPOSITION 12: SELF AND BEHAVIOUR Most of the ways of behaving which are adopted by the organism are those which are inconsistent with the concept of self. PROPOSITION 13: BEHAVIOUR AND UNCONCIOUS EXPERIENCES Behaviour may, in some instances, be brought about by organic experiences and needs which have not been symbolized. Such behaviour may be inconsistent with the structure of the self, but in such instances the behaviour is not â€Å"owned† by the individual. PROPOSITION 14: PSYCHOLOGICAL TENSION Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies to awareness significant sensory and visceral experiences, which consequently are not symbolised and organized into the gestalt of the self-structure. When this situation exists, there is a basic or potential psychological tension. PROPOSITION 15: RECONSTRUCTION OF SELF Psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all the sensory and visceral experiences of the organism are, or may be, assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of self. PROPOSITION 16: DEFENCE OF SELF Any experience which is inconsistent with the organization or structure of self may be perceived as a threat and the more of these perceptions there are, the more rigidly the self-structure is organized to maintain itself. PROPOSITION 17: CONDITIONS FOR CHANGE Under certain conditions, involving primarily complete absence of any threat to the self structure, experiences which are inconsistent with it may be perceived, and examined, and the structure of self revised to assimilate and include such experiences. PROPOSITION 18: ACCEPTANCE OF SELF When the individual perceives and accepts into one consistent and integrated system all his sensory and visceral experiences, then he is necessarily more understanding of others and is more accepting of others as separate individuals. PROPOSITION 19: DEVELOPING YOUR OWN VALUING PROCESS As the individual perceives and accepts into his self-structure more of his organic experiences, he finds that he is replacing his present value system – based so largely upon introjections which have been distortedly symbolized – with a continuing organismic valuing process.

Studying Language and Grammar Essays

Studying Language and Grammar Essays Studying Language and Grammar Essay Studying Language and Grammar Essay Learning grammar in a language course. Grammar is the structural base of how we express ourselves. Studying grammar gives you more important benefits. When you study grammar you improve your reading comprehension, you get a higher status in the society, and you catch the message of a text quickly. Students can dominate the language, it is important at the time of traveling to a new country, and they also improve their handwriting writing and spelling. Studying grammar help students to expand their knowledge so that they can dominate the language. Students improve their reading abilities; they speak the language with much fluency. When the student is reading a text, he can easily understand the message because he knows perfectly the meaning of every word as his native language. When the student knows the language perfectly, he speaks and writes without any problem. It also avoids problems of understanding and speaking new languages. If you travel to a new country, you can have problems to understand what other people say and at speaking time. And if you study grammar you avoid those problems. It does not matter how quickly is the person talking you will understand him. And you easily will get a job because you know how to speak in a formal and polite way. People will understand you because you are talking in sequence and using the correct verb tenses. It is much important to know the rules because maybe you think you are speaking pretty well but you are not. People who do not know the rules have many problems using tenses, for example, you are telling a person what you did the last week but maybe you are speaking in the future time instead of the past time, and you do not know, and it will sound stupid and strange. You cannot say â€Å"Tomorrow I was talking to my mother last week.† And if you know grammar you are going to say â€Å"The last week, I was talking to my mother ,† it sounds better, and it has much sense. So, it is much import

The psychological effects of people with intellectual disabilities Dissertation

The psychological effects of people with intellectual disabilities experiencing loss and bereavement - Dissertation Example This girl of 19 years and very dependent on her mother was not allowed to come anywhere near her mother’s body before she was taken away. She was being continually picked upon and that left her irritated and lost. The bereavement could not be handled by this girl and the attitude of her aunt made her worse. The community as a whole did not know how to handle grief associated with bereavement. The psychological responses such as yearning, anxiety, depression, distrust of others and complicated grief were expected of the intellectually disabled. Carers and staff were not prepared to recognise or to provide effective support at the time of loss and bereavement. Their ignorance of how to handle the situation could be the main culprit. Searching through the literature, I was surprised to find that little empirical research had been done to specifically look at the normal or complicated grief response in people with learning disabilities. On a personal level the subject is of great interest to me and it is intended that this research will increase my knowledge in theory and practice as well as enhancing the importance of research to my continuing professional development. History My search took me to the university Library. Electronic search engines and databases were looked through. PSYC INFO, CINAHL, PUBMED and the COCHRANE electronic databases helped me gather some material pertaining to the subject. The keywords used were bereavement, psychological reactions, loss, complicated grief, grief and learning disabilities. The Learning Resource Centre (LRC) library, Department of Health and Rowntree Foundation website helped me to retrieve grey literature. Boolean operators were used to narrow the results. Combined randomised controlled trials of bereaved adults with learning disabilities that compared community based interventions were included in the review. Life events with its psychological problems that were emotional, psychiatric and behavioural responses t o bereavement were also included. Recognition and concept of death by people with learning disabilities and their families and carers, as well as inclusion of assessment tools of complicated grief were selected. The exploration of support and interventions were also collected. A number of recent articles had considered the implications of grief and bereavement for people with learning disabilities. This had influenced me to concentrate on the parameters of the years between 2002 and 2010. Because of limited empirical studies I have included some of the articles with case studies illustrations. With eleven journal articles, I was ready to start on my hunt for ways of managing complicated grief in intellectually disabled persons. Could I be signalling off a process which has the outcome of the improved welfare and quality of life of the intellectually disabled at heart where bereavement grief is concerned? Critique of two articles on data collection and analysis Dodd, P., Guerin, S., McEvoy, J., Buckley, S., Tyrrell, J. & Hillery, J. (2008). A study of complicated grief symptoms in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52 (5), 415-425. The data were contained in the two assessment tools used for this study: Complicated Grief Questionnaire for People with Intellectual Disabilities (CGQ- ID) and Bereavement History Questionnaire (Adapted). The tools had been described

Personal Journal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Journal - Personal Statement Example However, I noticed a big change in my lifestyle. With all the pressures of being a student and living on my own, I have realized that it was too soon that I have changed physically. Although I am very active and busy, I have gained a lot of weight in the past year. When I arrived here, I was of average weight. Later, when I visited my family last December, I received comments that I have become bigger. Some said that I looked cute with my slightly chubby cheeks, others said I looked more mature (I am not sure if this is a compliment or what) than my age. I guess what they wanted to say was for me to go on a strict diet lest I wanted to join â€Å"The Biggest Loser† on TV. Of course I don’t want to face that kind of challenge and shame (friends here and back home would be watching and laughing at me). Neither do I want to grow old a big fat man. For this reason, I thought of shedding some pounds so I could keep on playing my favourite sport even if I grow older. Getting slimmer could also lower risks of heart disease and other sicknesses. Therefore, it is something I should take seriously in the next few days or months. I have not made a diet plan and I think I need to research on this to find out what I should eat and drink while trying to become physically fit. Anyway, I have a strong feeling that I need to really lose some weight because I am getting lousy at football. My friends whom I play with are better. They could run faster straight to the goal while I lagged behind, feeling sorry for being this heavy. I wish losing weight would be that easy and manageable, something that could happen in a click. Nevertheless, I also know that I have to work out and really face the problem because if I don’t, I would go bigger and bigger and become unmanageable. I swear, one of these days, I’m going to create a diet and exercise plan good for at least two months. The diet plan that I should make has to be

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

International business - Essay Example Partly, this may be because not all those who use the term distinguish it clearly enough from the popular notion of internationalization. Some writers, in fact, use the two terms interchangeably (Ibid.). Literature shows there is no single agreed definition of globalisation, but that it may be the concept of the 1990s. According to Sklair’s (1999) research, its importance is much exaggerated, but most books suggest it is an idea whose time has come. To sort out all these ideas, globalisation as a concept makes use of Sklair’s (1999) taxonomy of perceiving globalisation in this paper towards the end. Each model is briefly discussed and analyzed from the point of view of sociology. The discussion tapers with a summary of these models, and as presented by Sklair (1999) makes note that they are dominated by European European-North American literature devoid of views from Asia. However, these are only done after discussions in light of how globalisation as a phenomenon has prevailed in the new millennium. What follows are how globalisation has visited the new millennium politically, economically, socially or otherwise. Globalisation, interpreted as global economic integration, is argued, as not being recent since there have been periods of globalisation over many centuries. (IPS, n.d.) It is only that there is now the increasing speed of movement of goods and services, people, capital and technology being experienced around the world. Specifically globalisation in the new millennium is marked by accelerated reduction in transport and communication costs, greater international specialization because of liberalization of trade, increasing trade in services due to the digital revolution, and increasing integration of major emerging markets into the world economy. (IPS, n.d.) . Politically, Macedo (n.d.) would add, the increasing alignment of cultural standards and standards of consumption; the weakening of

Alternative Forms of work Arragements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alternative Forms of work Arragements - Essay Example This type of job is home based so I basically I will be working from home. Working from home or having an office at home has a lot of advantages. First, I do not have to beat the morning traffic in going to the office. That would save me a lot of time, effort, gasoline money and stress. I also do not have to dress up just to work. The energy and time I saved from commuting to work can instead be channeled to a productive job making my job output better. Also, I do not have to dress up before I could work again saving me time, money and energy. Above all, I can work right at the comfort of my own home where I am at my optimum best because I am very comfortable with my surrounding. There are few disadvantages to it however. First is technical support. As a Digital Specialist, there might be issues that I would encounter from customers that I am not aware of that they need answers from me. I will not have an immediate support from peers or superior because I am away from the office. Of course I can always ask for help through online facility but the response time may take a while. Also, working from home may jack up my electric bills because I will be paying for the electricity that I will be using while

The Ever Changing Market Place Of Oman Marketing Essay

The Ever Changing Market Place Of Oman Marketing Essay Oman Retail Industry is characterized by a strong consumer demand, robust economic growth, distinct demographic factors and high end technology system that ensure the better customer service and efficient customer checks. The sultanate is one of the developing countries that has succeeded in achieving, within a short span of time, a high level of economic growth. Out of the total GDP 57.1% is from the service industry. As in any other country Retail Sector in Oman is having both the sectors organized and unorganized retail sector. The paper is focused on the organized retail sector of Oman. Even in the organized sector, there is a stiff competition amongst large number of hypermarkets, convenience stores, warehouses and gas-station chain stores. Everyday new entrants are coming in the business with their new competitive strategies and niches. Oman has good organized retail markets in GCC. Omans Per Capita retailing space is highest in GCC. Major development happenings in the area of retail space in Oman are hypermarkets and malls. Oman is witnessing an exponential growth in the space occupied by organized retailers. The paper presents a comprehensive view of the organized retail industry across Muscat. Keywords : Retail Industry, Hypermarkets, Competition, Developing Countries Introduction Oman is the second largest country in GCC after Saudi Arabia with total land area of 212,960 square kilometers and over 80% of its current population of 3 million is Omani nationals. Oman is a middle income economy in the Middle East with notable oil and gas resources, a substantial trade surplus and low inflation. Oman Economic development has seen three phases. A phase of rapid expansion then economic retrenchment and rationalization because of oil prices collapse and the last phase a period of standardized growth since 1990. Economic growth and structural change have proceeded rapidly in Oman during the rule of His Majesty Sultan Qaboos Ibn Said. When HM Sultan Qabus Ibn Said assumed power in 1970s, he immediately implemented an economic development and modernization programs .Priority was given to expanding the countries nonexistent infrastructure. Economic Growth was accompanied by increase in contribution of the service sector from 18% in 1970 to 57% today. The GDP Average annual Growth exceeded the world as well as middle east growth rate by 3%( 6% in 1991- 2000 in Oman 3% in the middle east and Africa and world) Retailing consists of the sale of goods/ merchandise for personal or household consumption either from a fixed location such as a department store or away from a fixed location and related subordinated services. In commerce, a retailer buys goods or products in large quantities from manufacturers or importers, either directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells individual items or small quantities to the general public or end user customers, usually in a shop, also called store. Retailers are at the end of the supply chain. Marketers see retailing as part of their overall distribution strategy. Retailing is not just buying and selling necessities, it is now more of a lifestyle staement, one whose foundation is based on choice, convenience and brand value. Shopping is buying things, sometimes as a recreational activity.Retailing is worlds largest private industry. It is estimated to have US $ 6.6 Trillion sales annually. Retail outlets can be divided into categories according to the amount of square feet of floor space, the level of services offered and width and depth of product offering. In practice stores may have different names in different countries and definitions based on selling area may also vary. Clarence Saunders, invented Keydoozle in 1930s in which shoppers stuck keys in glass display case to choose specific products which were taken via conveyer to check out line. This perhaps was the basis for todays Supermarkets and Hypermarkets. A variety of terms are used to large stores Hypermarkets, mass merchandisers, supermarkets, superstores, shopping malls and shopping centres etc. France, Belgium, Spain Colombia are the countries in which supermarket industry is very well developed. Retailing is a two way street. There exist potential advantages and disadvantages to this retailing venture. A retailer has following things to offer consumers: 1. One price Policy : No Place for Negotiations 2. Selection of goods at a lower price 3. One Stop shopping 4. Large Assortments 5. Centalization of the nonselling functions 6. Amenities (Beauty Parlour, Free Decorations, Nursery) 7. Overall manner in which the goods are offered in store setting, including store site, parking facilitiies, instore setting and customer services. 8. More Personal Services than discounts Retailing and Oman Till late 70s and 80s the country was having unorganized retail market. Traditionally the retail business was run by small souks. The traditional Arabic market place is called the souk and these are still found in many of the towns throughout Oman. More than 90% of retailers function in less than 500 Sq ft of area. Most of the items were bought by the liking of the souk owner and pricing was done on adhoc basis or on seeing the face of the customer. Selling prices were largely controlled by manufacturer.Weekly Juma Bazaars were very popular and almost all commodities were sold there including livestock. Juma bazaars are still an important weekly bazaar in Oman but now the main attraction now is second hand goods. Bargaining was common. Retailer to customer ratio was low. Most of the buying by mass population was need oriented. Impulsive buying or consumption was restricted to food or vegetables etc. Household items as well as traditional handcrafts are on sale in the souks. In some s ouks like Nizwa and Sinaw livestock are auctioned and bartered. Beside its obvious economic purpose, the souk has long been the fulcrum of social interaction. Some of the Important Traditional Souks of Oman are Muttrah Souq Muttrah Souq is the oldest market place in the Capital Area and is located behind the Corniche of Muttrah, rumbling over a large area. Entering the Souq. A cornucopia of exotic sounds, smells and flavours assail in the senses in bewildering yet exciting chaos. The Souq of Muttrah is a maze of pathways leading in and out of each other. The important thing while shopping in a souq is bargaining. Nizwa Souq This traditional souq hosts a lively cattle market early each Friday morning where cows, goats and sheep are auctioned. The obstinate behaviour of the animals often provides great amusement for the spectators. There is an abundance of local handicrafts and produce in the new covered souq. Silversmiths can be seen hammering patterns into the hilts of Khanjars and women sell the burqa à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬a glittering, embroidered facemask worn by local ladies. Sinaw Souq It has similar ware to Nizwa souq, including a cattle market. Some of the silver shops sell the old silver Bedouin jewellery, Ibra Souq This one is unique: it is open to all, as long as you are female! It is a fairly recent innovation, opened in 1990 and is held on Wednesday mornings. It is the only souq in Oman which lends itself totally to the needs of women. Lotions, cosmetics, powders, textiles, perfumes and henna are amongst some of the items on sale. Retailing in Oman: The New Dimension Omani capitals mallspace is changing. Some of the indicators that the retailing has come out of age are fashionable store facades, daring displays an everchanging numbers of international brands, loyalty cards, cineplexes, foodcourts kids zone in malls etc. The mall and shopping centres in Oman not match Dubai in size and style but have their own character and ambience . Dubai depends upon a floating population of visitors, but Oman caters mainly citizens, residents and a small number of visitors. The Omani Capital Muscat has come a long way from the simple old souk to the ultramodern hypermarkets. The concept of the friendly neighborhood store, by all indications, appears to be on its way to becoming history. It is the malls with their better ambience, wider choice, better facilities and the convenience of having all that you need under one roof that are attracting more and more customers . Retailers, realizing the potential have been quick to set both expansion and re-branding plans in motion. For retailers in Oman, the accent has been on acceleration. We can observe it if only we take a look at the number of malls and hypermarkets in the sultanate to see how quickly growth has taken place. The capital has number of shopping malls and hypermarkets. Customers are driven toward the hypermarket due to several alliance shops and international brands. Customers nowadays want a total shopping experience under one roof. The shift to hypermarkets as a natural progression along the retail evolution path. Customer perceives that as compared to small souks, hypermarkets, offer better variety at lower prices and the quality of products is guaranteed as well. Customers in Oman become more educated aw are and demand choice . Choice, it would seem, translates into convenience. Customers are the main beneficiaries in this shift from small shops to large hypermarkets. The move from micro to macro also owes itself to the strength of the economy. With the Omani economy growing at a very rapid pace, there is tremendous interest among retail sector investors in the region. One of the reasons for the growing interest of Omani nationals is the increased income and spending power .The sultanate has seen in the past, a rapid increase in the income due to omanisation. Omanisation has created many job opportunities for the nationals who in turn have increased the spending power of the nationals which is driving them more and more towards the shopping malls. Oman is witnessing a retail sector boom in the past six years with a number of big-format hypermarkets slated to open and expand their retail chains in the country including the big names such as Carrefour, Sultan Center and Spinneys. Moreover, Muscat has total area of 190,000 sq. meters in major malls in the capital area most of which was built in the 90s. This means that the Omani per capita area for these shopping malls. Retail sector is making headway with number of hypermarkets opening up in Muscat the foreign direct investment is maximum in the commerce, wholesale and retail trade represented 20.75% services. The expansion in retail sector as such has increased the levels of self awareness in the retail sector It is forcing the hypermarkets to constantly monitor the market in which they operate. The market includes a major price sensitive customer segment also. Backward integration, to further streamline operations, is another route that certain retailers in Oman are favoring. They are launching its own private label across its outlets as a measure to counter escalating prices. The other major strategy used by these hypermarkets is of collaboration. For Example the car small within a shopping mall it is this basis, in novelty as well as practicality that promises to improve existing levels of customer convenience. Another strategy of Just Ask programme, where worldwide products are directly makes their way to the homes of consumers in Oman. The retailers understand that survival is not just about being fit. Hard work has to be combined with smart ideas that foresee the future. Considering the competition, everyone is improving their operations if they dont, they will lose their market position and share. Efficiency is not really a relative parameter. It is important that first time customers should become permanent customers and stay that way. Considering the competition, it is no surprise that all the players in the retail market are raising the stakes. Competition is healthy, and it is needed to improve the services and operations of the hypermarkets. With more competitions the hypermarkets will come out with innovative ideas to improve upon their quality and services. With this the customer is gaining and slowly the market is moving towards customers market. The markets are trying to differentiate themselves on the basis of factors like customer orientation, Number of retail outlets, low price, wide range, competent management, more space etc. The customer wants premium on good price, convenience and good customer service. Some of the major hypermarkets in Oman are as follows: Sabco Commercial Centre, Qurum Sabco Commercial Centre, Qurum, is one of the first shopping malls to open in Oman in 1985. The two-level centre has multiple retail outlets and a traditional souk. The souk has 27 walk-in shops that sell silver jewellery, handicrafts and clothes. The store targeted the wealthy market segment. As more and more oil fields were discovered in Oman, the store prospered. The store brought Godiva-a specialist gourmet and Belgian chocolate to Oman. Sultan Centre Sultan centre made several contributions to the development of the retail trade. It served not wealthy but upper income segment. A popular meeting place and great find for the latest in European and International fashion and accessories. Lulu Hypermarket The concept of hypermarket shopping has clearly caught on with shopper communities across the region. Emke Group recognized changing market trends and responded to them promptly, offering its customers bigger and better designed shopping environments by way of LULU shopping malls and hypermarkets. The group, has major interests in wholesale and retail distribution of food and non-foodstuff, manufacturing, export-import, frozen and processed food industry and IT has operation bases in all major cities of the Middle East, Asia and Africa. As part of their groups policy they have laid special emphasis on recruiting Omani nationals . They acknowledged the significance of training the local youth and have been conducting on-the job training for these national recruits. Noted authorities in retail training were hired to develop and implement employee training. The group felt the pulse and strategically designed store facilities and imported the latest state-of-the-art equipment and technology The extensive network of branch offices and sourcing centers was a big advantage in providing quality products at the most affordable prices. (Times of Oman). Khimjis Mart Supermarkets KR Groups Retailing Division manages the popular Khimjis Mart supermarkets and a chain of Welfare Markets for the Royal Oman Police. With 4 strategically located retail outlets in the Capital area and two large supermarkets in the interior, Khimjis Mart LLC is a key player in its category in Oman. Fully owned and operated by the Khimji Ramdas Group, Khimjis Mart caters to a mix of customers of diverse nationalities and varied shopping preference s by giving them unlimited options to buy the best international and regional brands in the food commodities, lifestyle and consumer non-durables segments. Khimjis Mart outlets have taken the lead in training young Omani nationals and integrating them into key positions. They are located at Ruwi High Street, Darsait, Wadi Kabir, Al Khuwair, Nizwa Sur. Markaz Al Bahja Markaz Al Bahja Shopping Mall was developed to give Oman a mall of truly International standards, so as to offer the people an alternative to Dubai as a shopping destination. The 350,000 sqft Markaz Al Bahja mall, located not very far from MCC, was opened in mid 2002. The three-level mall, easily accessible from the Capital as well as its growing suburbs, is another popular shopping destination .The mall also has a big parking facility, which can accommodate 1200 cars. Three floors of shopping and is a dream come true for most Omanis. Markaz Al Bahja has established itself as the premier shopping Mall in the Sultanate of Oman. Al Harthy complex Location : Qurm Easily recognizable by its unique design which features a star filled dome, the Al Harthy Complex has spacious floors of shopping with over 100 retail shops. From textiles, antiques, perfumes, childrens toys and games, fashion and beauty products, computer accessories, and watches to books, greeting cards and flowers, everything is available at the complex. With a video and amusement arcade, the laser game Q-zar and Sindbads play city, the complex is a hot favourite with children. For lunch or a snack one can step into Kargeen Coffee Shop, or stop by for a bite at Burger King. Muscat City Centre (MCC) Carrefour opened its first supermarket in Annecy, Haute- Savoie, France, in 1960. The opening of Majid Al Futtaim Investments (MAFI) Muscat City Centre (MCC) in 2001, ushered a new era for Omans retail sector. The MCC, covering a total GLA of 540,000 sq. ft. and 1,500 parking spaces, claims a weekly footfall of 155,000. Its main anchors include Carrefour and Magic Planet. This year, the MCC is poised for a further expansion, which is expected to add another 300,000sqft of retail space to its existing strength. MAFI is planning to open a Carrefour outlet in the Qurum area of Muscat later this year. Major Shopping Malls of Oman, Sponsors, Number of outlets and year of start With so much of competition and options available to the customers, all the hypermarkets are thinking in terms of the loyalty programs to keep customers with them. Some of the loyalty programs like privilege cards, vouchers, special discounts. But what loyalty program is to be used at a specific place is the matter of great creativity. The key ingredients for any successful retailer: brand experience, convenience, customer service, social responsibility, todays true differentiators. l Earning points toward rewards or free or discounted merchandise. Using third-party partner currencies, such as airline miles for retail purchases. Offering rebates or discounts for using a store-branded credit card. Providing information that is relevant, valuable and exclusive. Allowing members access to products, services and experience otherwise unavailable to the public. Recognizing best customers with elite status. Inviting customer involvement in opportunities such as beta testing, first access to new products, participating in an advisory board, creating and submitting advertising ideas, even inviting best customers to parties and special events. Challenges faced by the Retailers in Oman Price war: Competition can lead to the price wars l Discount is expected by the gulf customer in case of bulk purchase. l Sale is one of the important factor which pulls the customers towards the malls and only two promotions a year are allowed which are too less to sustain the customer for 12 months l More and more companies with international brands and structure are coming in the competition l Once upon a time, retailers knew all their customers personally. They knew their preferences and what was happening in their lives. With this knowledge, retailers were able to react quickly and market to each customer individually. Along the way of growing chains and building malls and promoting self-service, many retailers lost touch with their customers. l E-commerce is again coming as a new challenge to the hypermarkets. l Less size of the population is another challenge in front of the retail sector as with more competition and less number of customers the market is moving more and more towards becoming the buyers market. l Dubai again is a threat to the retail sector with its competitive prices and easy approachability. l Tourism is growing but the growth is not fast enough to catch with the tourism in UAE. Suggestions More initiative from the government in the form of more commercial activities. Connecting tourism with shopping: need to improve tourism to trap the enormous potential present in this sector, which will enhance the retail sector further. Duties on certain items should be reduced to encourage the retailers Discouraging customers to buy from Dubai by creating an awareness program those items are much cheaper here than in Duabi International Service standards should be provided by the hypermarkets Since the beginning of the 1970s, with Kilters pioneering work, the topic of atmospherics effects on consumer behavior has gained popularity Managers of retail and service outlets have understood the importance of the built environment in enhancing product evaluations, consumer satisfaction with the shopping experience and sales. There is a need for the ongoing training programs in Retail Management for the all managerial and non managerial staff members. There is a need to give more boost up the Tourism Industry in the country. Conclusions The challenge in retail sector in Oman is perpetual. It was the same in the past and it will remain the same in the future: understanding the retail consumer. In Oman consumers have higher expectations for lower prices. They are not prepared to compromise their desires and ethical values for simply more expensive products or basic low cost items. Shopping is becoming increasingly individualistic, driven by the growing diversity of the consumer marketplace, technology enablers and consumers desire for greater influence and control. The retail power structure has permanently shifted from sellers to buyers with more and more shopping malls in Oman .Retailers have to use the problem solving approach. It means understanding what the consumer is trying to accomplish by looking at his ultimate goal. The hypermarkets in Oman are constantly monitoring the feedbacks given by the customers and are very quick to respond to the problematic areas and suggestions. The hypermarkets as long as will keep their fingers on the pulse of the gulf customers will have a long way to go. The retailers need to understand that Retailers dont own customers, they own retailers. There is an increasing population switching from loyalists to non preference. Consumers need to be connected. It means getting away from a transaction mentality and focusing on customer relationships, bonds of trust that create innovative opportunities to extend the relationship further. Live rich but act poor. Wealth levels and purchasing power are increasing, people overspend and retail has never been so good but there is a great consideration to shop where prices seems to be more justified. Shopping should be not only convenient but easy, done in the consumers way and speed. Innovative process, service and design solutions that are simple, intuitive and in tune with shoppers needs. Consumers value what is scarcer and time is at the top of the first for many. They want it fast, thy want it now (immediate gratification), they want it first (latest and greatest). Innovative retailers are networking with companies in other business sectors to offer new products or services outside their skills. The global trends are set in more mature and yet still very dynamic markets, Similar trend with Oman Rapidly they spread across the globe carried by the increasing presence of worldwide known brands. The task is to understand the trends to anticipate the mood of the customers and as before and more then ever, there is a need to think global and act local.