Broad History of Culinary Arts

Renita Thornton Chef Jerome Culinary 1010 18 February 2013 A Broad History of the Culinary Arts Introduction Culinary arts describe the art involving the preparation and cooking of foods. Culinary artists are usually responsible for preparing meals skillfully, which implies that the food made is appealing to the eye and the palate. The culinary arts history dates back from 1800s, when the first school in Boston involved in teaching the art of cooking became discovered. Various changes have taken place in the culinary arts from the discovery time to the present.For instance, various cooking methods are continuously being discovered. Although cooking was once taken as a household chore supposed to be carried out by women as men worked in the field, it has presently developed and has become a world’s wonder and highly attracting both men and women due to its ability to provide incomes. Today, cooking is not just a hobby but also a job to the American people. In this paper, I will discuss the evolution of the culinary arts commencing in the prehistoric times to the present. The history o f culinary arts dates back to 1800s, a time when the first cooking school became established in Boston.The cooking school established in Boston taught students how to prepare different foods and prepared them on passing knowledge to others. The Boston cooking school was a chief contributor in the creativeness of culinary professionals everywhere. However, more schools began popping up, and up to now, there are about 21,000 universities teaching culinary arts programs (Toussaint-Samat 29). Apart from the immense contribution of Boston cooking school, another vast contributor to the early culinary arts is Fannie merit book on American culinary arts and recipes.This book became published in 1896; it became the first ever official cookbook in America. During the time, the book became highly demanded since every household demanded the book as it was valued and used in every day’s life. This original book of cooking is still utilized in the present age as a reference in the cooking profession (Glazer 103). The next phase involving the history of culinary arts describes the culinary arts being taken to the television, in 1946, where the father of American cuisine; also known as James Beard held regular classes of cooking.This gave lesson to individuals desiring to know more regarding the cooking profession. The appearance of cooking lessons in the television brought a lot of changes to the cooking profession. Individuals desiring to become cooks became inspired since one was not required to pay anything in order to learn how to prepare and cook various cuisines; all that a person required was listening to cooking lessons on the television and then applying the learnt lessons practically. Many people did not understand how to prepare certain recipes not until there were free classes on televisions.In the 1800’s, people had the mentality that cooking was meant for women and participation of men in the cooking became deemed as a failure of man’s res ponsibility. However, in the early 1900’s, people commenced appreciating the art of cooking with the emergence of industries. The emergence of businesses such as tourist hotels made cooking become a vast profession that could hold almost all individuals regardless whether one was a female or male (Mondschein 49). This exceedingly gave the culinary arts a bit of professionalism, although not to a vast deal. Later, in 1946, the Culinary Institute of America became established.The establishment of the Culinary Institute of America brought changes in the professionalism of cooking. Since the institute is non-profit organization, it was capable of supporting professionalism in cooking without the objective of making a profit. This made most individuals join the cooking professionalism. Unlike the earlier days, most men joined the cooking profession. The college still offers professional education in cooking. Training materials, videos and books from the college have been used to t rain professionals and non-professionals in cooking.Cooking techniques have changed over time, due to interaction between various individuals. For instance, the interaction between the Americans and Africans has led to learning of new techniques of cooking embraced by the different groups (Strauss 43). In the same way, the interaction of Americans with the Asians has led to the adoption of new cooking techniques (Labensky 36). Also, new techniques have developed with the advance of time; traditional cooking techniques have been replaced by new techniques that are still emerging with the advancement of the cooking profession.ConclusionCulinary art involves the art of preparing and cooking different cuisines. Various changes have taken place in the culinary arts from the discovery time to the present. For instance, various cooking methods are continuously being discovered. Although cooking was once taken as a household chore supposed to be carried out by women as men worked in the fie ld, it has presently developed and has become a world’s wonder and highly attracting both men and women due to its ability to provide incomes. Changes have occurred in the cooking techniques emanating from the advancement of the cooking profession and integration of communities.Works Cited Labensky, Steven. The Prentice Hall Dictionary of Culinary Arts.Upper Saddle River, N. J: Pearson/Prentice Hall Books, 2006. Print. Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. A History of Food. Chichester, West Sussex, U. K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Internet resource. Glazer, Francine S. Blended Learning: Across the Disciplines, Across the Academy. Sterling, Va: Stylus, 2012.Print. Mondschein, Ken. Food and Culinary Arts. New York, NY: Ferguson, 2009.Print. Strauss, G L. M. Philosophy in the Kitchen: General Hints on Food and Drink. S. l: Vintage Cookery Books, 2008. Print.

Primary school Essay

Schooldays are the most pleasurable gift that are directly gifted by god to every human. It is filled with happiness. It also acquaints me to some precious friends and unforgettable thoughts to my life. I am privileged to share my reminiscence of my school The name of my school is sithi vinayagar primary school in agathapati. I reside in venkatayapuram. My native is pastoral background devoid of basic needs. Even for catering our necessity we depend on the nearby village sundrapandium. Due to non-availability of transport, I and my friends used to walk half hour to reach my school. It was a management school of belonging to a particular caste group. These prevails the dominance of the caste students over the other sects of students There were five teachers working under a single head master. People from the surrounding villages work in different posts. My school locked good infrastructure, as it is located in the outskirts of the village. No one pays respect to my school . only for earning a good income management dares to function the school. My school commence from 9 am to 5 pm. by 9. 00am prayer song would be sung leading up to the announcement with the national anthem in the end of the prayer session. After that we enter into our respective classes as regular sessions commences then. At 12. 30 am all the students gathered under the neem tree and share their lunch wit their friends. After that we played together. The school routine comes to an end at 5 pm and we return home happily. During Friday and Monday, students were strictly advised to wear uniform. Personally I hate those two days because my friends and I enjoy wearing colour dresses than uniform. Every year I wait for annual day function. The preparations begin almost two or three weeks in advance with a lot of rehearsals. My friends and I eager in participating in drama. While doing my third standard, I earned a first prize by participating in a drama. In my school days I had the passion to participate in other activities than subjects. So my friends and I were not interested in going school. Contrary to that our parents strictly forced us to go to school. Usually I try to invent reasons to be away from tedious school hours. But all my attempts remain futile. During rainy days, flood encounters our two villages. So holidays may be announced from schools. I enjoyed those days and my mind long to cherish those days. I was not interested in studies, so even solving simple calculations seem to be a complex issue for me. Exams take a shape of the giant before me always. Any how I managed exams easily by keeping the books open. When I was in school, the importance of my school life was not known to me. When I was in fifth standard my school was in critical condition. The management decided to utilize the area of land constructed for a marriage hall. After a long search, they allotted a big house as our school premises. After completing my fifth standard, I shift my home to near down for my higher studies. But my school was not able to survive for a long time. At present I in my college ,but I will never forget my primary school. Eventhogh it was a past experience. A school plays a vital role in everyone’s life. So don’t forget your school. I wish that everyone should enjoy their school life with full joy and pleasure.

British Isles

The British Isles have nt ever been a separate portion of Europe. Long clip ago Britain was a portion of the European continent. Then about ten thousand old ages ago during the terminal of the last Ice Age, when the clime grew warmer, new rivers and sees were formed Europe easy moved into its present form. The ancient people of Britain were simple huntsmans and ate flesh of animate beings fruits, nuts, honey. They fished, and gathered oysters. They did nt hold a lasting topographic point of life and traveled from topographic point to topographic point, sheltering in caves. Then the British work forces have become the husbandmans. The Stone Age husbandman had the spots in the woods that covered most of Britain. He kept half-wild cowss and hogs in a wood and in Northern Scotland, free from woods, he kept sheep. By the terminal of the Stone Age ( 2000 BC ) metal was already being used. It was clip of the Invasion of Beaker people. They came from the Northern Europe. They used bronze and it was them, who started the edifice of Stone memorials at Stonehenge. Mining and trade were turning during the Bronze Age ( ab. 2000-500 BC ) . About 500 BC British people were larning how to smelt Fe. Iron tools had an advantage over bronzy 1s: they were much cheaper. The beginning of the Iron Age ( Bachelor of Arts. 400 BC ) British Isles were invaded by Celts armed with arms of Fe. They conquered Kent and much of Southern England. They imposed their linguistic communication on the indigens, its Gaelic signifier was used in Irelan vitamin D and Scotland, the Brythonic signifier in England and Wales. It was the Brythonic folk that gave its name to the whole state. The first history of Britain was written by an educated merchandiser from Morsel. He besides wrote the first description of the people, called Celts. He said they were a gentlefolk, skilled craftsman, who welcomed visitants. The most educated visitant of Britain described the British as a ferocious race. His name was Julius Caesar. Present English dates back to 5th-6th centuries, when Germanic folk of Jutes, Saxons Angles overran all England except Cornwall Cumberland. Some spiritual footings were borrowed from Latin in connexion with change overing England to Christianity by St. Augustin. Some parts of England were invaded by Danes Norwegians, that s why the linguistic communications of the Anglo-Saxons Danes formed the footing of English. Jessye normans contributed greatly to the development of English linguistic communication during their invasion. Following point of this was the 15th-16th centuries when written linguistic communication was stabilized with aid of distributing of printing. In 19th century the growing of British colonial power led to the spread of English as universe linguistic communication. But still it was merely the 1930 when the British Foreign Office stopped utilizing French for all its official memorandum. So It was the long manner of coming-to-be the linguistic communication of international communicating from old Anglo-saxon idioms to the universe linguistic communication in twentieth century.

Concepts of Effective Active Learning Speech or Presentation

Concepts of Effective Active Learning - Speech or Presentation Example John Dewey, author of the School and Society and Experience and Education among others, is one of the key theorists of instructional technology. He established Chicago Laboratory School, one of the first of its kind, to test his educational theories and their social implications. Let us find out more about his contributions and their impact on society.   John Dewey: I have developed several educational theories for the purpose of having better and more efficient teaching methods. Ever since I have been against authoritarian methods of teaching and I believe that teachers should have a greater role than just teaching or merely educating the students- they should be role models who also inspire the youth who are under their supervision. I also believe that including things that interest children the most is a better motivation than using rewards and punishments in teaching.I have come up with something that I refer to as informal education which promotes the involvement and exposure of students to activities that could help them gain experience, and stimulate their thinking skills and be able to reflect on the significance of the undergone activities. This way, learning will be more than just fun and amusing, but also something that could better prepare the students for the future. The learning theory I have developed came to be known as functionalism and it encouraged mental testing and stressed studies of adaptive behavior (Clark, 1999).   Interviewer: John Dewey, indeed has contributed much to the development of instructional technology. The educational theory he has developed is still used in a lot of educational institutions today. And after having understood Mr. Dewey’s contribution, it is now time to look at the case in another perspective and learn about another leader in the field. Here is the man who supported Mr. Dewey’s theory of functionalism and has strongly advocated educational measurement, Mr. Edward L. Thorndike. What do you think are your most important contributions to instructional technology?

International Dispute Settlement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Dispute Settlement - Essay Example This paper will even focus on the difference between municipal courts and methods for settling international disputes. Body Alternative Dispute Resolution ADR is an umbrella term used for various methods used to settle disputes in the international arena (August, 2009). These methods are used when two international parties end up disagreeing with each other; these methods are used when parties want to solve the dispute without going to courts. There are various advantages and disadvantages associated with this sort of dispute settlement process. International parties resort to this sort of dispute settlement because this method saves money. When dispute cases are taken to courts, a lot of cost is involved. These costs include: fees for hiring and deploying a lawyer, fees of creating and obtaining documentation and court fees. When ADR is used as a method to resolve dispute, cost of hiring lawyers and court fees is eradicated. This method is best for those parties who are in a conflic t in which too much money is not involved. When cases go to municipal courts, the cases catch the eyes of the public and media. Due to this the positive impression of good companies that trade internationally is hampered. This benefit of ADR secures the privacy of the parties involved and due to this method; companies do not have to be held accountable for sharing their private information with the public. Disputes that are taken to the court experience heavy amount of wastage of time, it takes years to settle a dispute in courts. In case of ADR, disputes end up being solved in as low as two to three weeks time period. The time period spend on solving a dispute through ADR is dependant on how soon parties are ready to sit with a panelist to resolve the conflict. Hen disputes are settled in courts, the entire process is controlled by the supreme one that is the judge. In ADR the parties have certain control over the process selection and selection of the panelist which is conducted a fter reviewing a list of experienced panelist. The main advantage of this type of dispute settlement is that this method can lead to a win situation for both the parties; this feature of ADR is rarely present in municipal court cases (August, 2009). There are several upsides of resolving dispute through ADR, but this method is not short of downsides. One of the major downsides of ADR is that it is not enforceable by law, this means that the parties have a free will whether to abide by the resolution or not. On the other hand, disputes resolved in the court of law are enforced and the law ensures that the parties involved abide by the decision. Secondly, equally justice may not take place because the stronger party may be able to direct the resolution in his favor which will result in a loss for the other party. The panelist of ADR might not have expertise equal to the expertise of a judge; therefore he/she might not be able to resolve the conflict in a highly professional manner (Au gust, 2009). International Tribunals ADR is a dispute solving method which is not processed under legal circumstances; on the other hand there are ways through which international problems can be resolved through judiciary procedures. These methods are recognized as international tribunals, there are various such courts including the WTO and the ICJ. The advantages of such tribunals are that

Cymap Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cymap - Coursework Example It measures 8.5 metres going across (east-west) and is 2.5 metres going up and down (north-south). Room B60 is a rectangle, while Room B62 is a bit oddly-shaped. There is a space between the office and the wall of the S/W room of about 6 metres across and 3.5 metres up and down. There are (what can only be assumed to be) marks meaning doorways, in 4 areas of the building. The S/W room has no doorway out except through the backway. Similarly, Rooms B60, B62, and the Office only have one doorway out apiece. Both B60 and B62 have doorways at the back, while the Office doorway is on the side and leads to Room B62 where the fourth doorway is at the back of the building. This could prove to be logistically difficult if one needed to get into or out of any of the rooms but the one doorway in each room were blocked. This would most definitely be a fire hazard. III. Project Wizard Since the building floor plan has been designed, now the process of services design can begin. The Cymap project is going to be defined. Next, the different aspects (stages IV through VI) can be designed in their proper sequence. For our purposes, we are going to develop these stages independently, one after another. However, the same sequence will be followed. On small tasks, only one service might be needed. It is assumed that this project will use the floor plan as given, and one or more types of services. This is contained within the entirety of this single project—which can then be linked to the floor plan in Cymap. In order to start a new project, I went to File, and then clicked on â€Å"New† to open the â€Å"New Project Wizard.† This helped set up my floor plan, and helped define the geometry and profiles of the rooms in the project and provided me... This lab report shows what was designed in Cymap with a hand-drawn drawing what the author actually did when the author was going step-by-step through the automated computer program, which generated several of the necessary defaults. For most places where the author was asked to enter figures, the author usually went with what was the minimum limit because the author didn’t want to stress out the system or use all of my maximum limits with various figures—such as the cable lengths. Many of the figures were variable, but Cymap definitely made the process easier. The wiring program was used to define the inter-connectability of all the rooms, allowing the generation of a list of components required to complete the necessary installations. From the menu, the author selected â€Å"Electrical,† then selected Wiring 17th Edition, then opening the new Wiring file which the author used to incorporate the main incomer and the switchboard. The author selected the IEE BS767 1 Standard, because obviously the Wiring 16th Edition was old (the source used for this paper was actually too old, so the author made sure to choose the 17th Edition as demanded by the UK Wiring Regulations from 2008). When the General Information dialogue box appeared, in the General tab, the author added my own name, Abdullah, as a reference name for the file and selected BS7671_17th + ERA 2008.DBY as the cable database. The author also selected the CPD database. The author included a supply transformer. The author used a 5% impedance and selected an earth type the author thought was appropriate.

Effect of foreign direct investment in the banking sector on the Research Proposal

Effect of foreign direct investment in the banking sector on the Libyan banking industry - Research Proposal Example n investor can â€Å"alter the way of doing business† for the new company including change of name, nature of doing business or the products on offer (Froot26-27). According to Barclay, firms mostly multinationals engage in Foreign Direct Investment with the aim of â€Å"increasing profitability and also increasing its global presence† (101). It is also aimed at minimising risk that is inherent in international business operations. A firm that engages in FDI stands a better chance of surviving in turbulent economic times if it operates in more than one market. A firm may also engage in FDI to â€Å"check the expansion of a local competitor into a new market† (Barclay 77). The aim is to prevent the local competitor from gaining a foothold in a foreign market and then using its newly acquired status and resources to destabilize the local market. Martinez says that Libya is a country in the African continent with a â€Å"fairly complicated history† (81). It has evolved from decades of misrule, revolutions among other national evils. It has for a long time been accused of sponsoring terrorist activities, and was listed among the axis of evil by the American government. Libya was put under the microscope by the United Nations after it was accused of sheltering the suspects accused of the Lockerbie bombing. Consequently it was put under UN sanctions and this severely affected its economy. Today Libya is one of the â€Å"emerging economic giants in Africa courtesy of its abundant oil resources† (Ham 35). It has also normalised its relations with the west and the UN lifted its economic sanctions after the Arab state complied with the set demands. Libya has a population of around 6 million people and a GDP of $21 billion. It has carried out extensive private and public sector reforms to encourage foreign investors so as to spur the local economy. â€Å"The banking industry in Libya is fairly complicated† (Collard 71-72). Due to the embargo that was put by the UN and other

Foreign Direct Investment in Japan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Direct Investment in Japan - Assignment Example Traditionally, the Japanese have not encouraged foreign investment, as a matter of fact, they have been hostile towards foreigners investing in their country, especially in the manufacturing sector. Any foreign investment currently coming into Japan is in the service industry, especially hi-tech industries such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology. Japan itself has abundant technologies but is not using these technologies in an appropriate manner (Finance and Investment). The current escalation of the Yen against other global currencies has served to make worse the disparity between Japan’s increasing investment and the dearth of foreign investments into Japan. When the strong Yen is compared with exceptional cultural, it seems that foreign investment in Japan might never increase. The Japanese government is intensifying its efforts to overcome these hurdles and increase foreign direct investment in Japan. Towards this, the government has established the Invest Japan Business Support Center and formulated an all-inclusive, wide-ranging Industry Attraction Plan (Finance and Investment). Making small changes in the law and incentives by the government really help, but the real issues that discourages foreign investors is Japan’s exceptional culture and the barriers between Japanese culture and other Western Cultures which highlights the difference between both forms of capitalism. The difference is that American companies keep the interests of their shareholders as their highest priority; Japanese workers feel that Japanese companies keep the interest of the stakeholders paramount. ... Making small changes in the law and incentives by the government really help, but the real issues that discourages foreign investors is Japan’s exceptional culture and the barriers between Japanese culture and other Western Cultures which highlights the difference between both forms of capitalism. The difference is that American companies keep the interests of their shareholders as their highest priority; Japanese workers feel that Japanese companies keep the interest of the stakeholders paramount. Foreign companies that acquire Japanese companies usually disregard Japanese business culture with the contention since they control the company, business should be done according to their own established ways dominant in the West (Finance and Investment). Western businessmen should revere Japanese culture to address employee apprehensions, while explaining to them the necessity of changing their perceptions. This increases commercial worth and also increases stakeholders’ si gnificance for employees, customers and the community at large. This business model has proved successful in Japan, and the lessons learnt from these successes will encourage foreigner companies to invest in Japan. Companies that adhere to Japanese culture and show concern for their employees have a much better chance of succeeding than companies whose main motive is to generate as much return on investment by sacking employees and selling of company assets (ACCI Journal). Acquisitions that will not meet with resistance Foreign investors were strongly advised not to do business in Japan in an offensive or provoking manner. Better still, it was advised to select areas for investment that will not be

The Hypertension as High Blood Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Hypertension as High Blood Problem - Essay Example According to the paper as it is widely accepted that smoking may cause High Blood Pressure and heart disease, giving up smoking should be her first priority. There are a variety of methods to achieve this and she should be made aware of them. She will have to take measures in respect of her diet to reduce the amount of salt that she consumes and should be aware of the salt content of the packaged food she uses. The same care should be undertaken with her intake of fat. She should also be advised to reduce her alcohol consumption to an acceptable level. She should make get regular exercise to assist in the loss of weight which will also assist in the reduction of cholesterol and high blood pressure. Stress is a major factor in high blood pressure and she will have to make an undertaking to control her stress levels. Her physician will give her medications help in reducing her cholesterol and also Diuretics to reduce salt and fluid from her kidneys. She will need to have regular blood tests and have her blood pressure measured on a regular basis to ensure that all aspects of her disease are kept at acceptable levels.

Japanese tariff on imported rice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japanese tariff on imported rice - Research Paper Example These policies were modified sequentially thereafter until early 1980s when, as a result of pressure from Trading partners such as US made them open up rice borders. For instance, California rice producers in 1986 filed a petition to the government of United States under section 301 of the constitution that the policies of Japan were detrimental to the industry. During this time, Japan was imposing a subsidy of up to $2,200 per metric ton to domestic producers in Japan. As a result, the subsidies were about 10 times the World prices (Bergsten, Fred, Itō, & Noland, 2001). A tariff is a levied tax on the imports that raise effectively the cost of the goods imported in relation to the domestic products. Some specific tariffs are imposed as a charge that is fixed for very unit of imported good. In tariffs, there are entities that lose and those that gains. In more general terms, the state in most cases increases significantly since tariffs increases the revenue of the state. In addition, domestic producers gain since the tariff offers them protection against external competitors by cost increase of the foreign goods imported. As a result, consumer loses since they must pay extra for the imports. Thus, tariffs are anti-consumer and pro-producer, and they reduce the global efficiency of the economy (Bergsten, Fred, Itō, & Noland, 2001). As part of the policy introduced by the government, imports on rice have been banned by the government in Japan except the processed forms. In the same regard, disproportionate governing authority wielded by rice farmer’s production of rice has been subsidized. Trade friction between US and Japan has worsened. Tokyo logical basis on imposing such policies is to attain self-sufficiency in the production for food security reasons. In the same vein, farm groups domestically have maintained that cultivation of rice is part of their cultural diversity. Hayami (1988) argued that consumers of rice

Life is a Gift Essay Example for Free

Life is a Gift Essay Life is a gift. It is an honor; a spark; an excitement. We all have a world of our own. A wise author, Albert Camus, once stated, â€Å"you will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life† (Albert Camus). Life is about living to your fullest abilities; why waste our time looking for the meaning of each breath we take? Each person is a part of life. Each life has a world of its own. I believe that the meaning of life, defined by Victor E. Frankl, is to find meaning in our own life. Each and every person on this planet has a meaning to his own life, and is a unique and independent individual. And so, the question comes along, â€Å"Who am I? † The answer is I. I am who I am, and not one person can ever change that. My life is exceedingly meaningful, and is made up of a series of rituals, experiences, a plentiful amount of mistakes, and many various emotions. According to the article, The Rite of Passage, a ritual â€Å"help[s] us understand the changes in our lives and give meaning to experiences† we undergo. Rituals express who we are today, as well as the sum total of our actions, feelings, and thoughts that makes each person in this world, a single, individual person. An example of a major ritual and life-changing event in the Odyssey is the trial of the bow. During this scene, a disguised Odysseus surpassed a difficult task, as he without effort strung the challenging bow. Odysseus, after laying the arrow on the arch, shot the mighty bow â€Å"with careful aim, not miss[ing] an axe’s ring from first to last† (Homer 2011). This scene makes a change in not only Odysseus’s life, but also his son, Telemachus, and his wife, Penelope. The trial of the bow is an important Rite of Passage, offering significance to each one of their lives. Just like Odysseus, I have progressed through a numerous amount of rituals, along with experiences, mistakes, truths and actions, all leading up to the fourteen year old girl I am today. Although each person has a different opinion on what surrounds us, I believe the nature of the universe is full of the unknown. The world is a scary place to be in, it encloses us in, with nothing but mystery. It is a frightening thing, to move on with your life not knowing what will happen in the next few moments, but that is what life is all about; the unknown. We surround ourselves with questions that can never be answered; yet we need to learn to live life in the present, not thinking about the future with every step we take. No one in this world is fearless, in fact, according to H. L. Mencken, â€Å"The one permanent emotion of the inferior man is fear fear of the unknown, the complex, the inexplicable. What he wants above everything else is safety† (H. L. Mencken). In agreement to Mencken, nothing in this world is safe; we waste seconds; minutes; hours; even days worrying about our fears. Worrying about our fears of the unknown. I believe we can’t relate to this unknown universe, however, we can live with it. Instead of waking up each day wondering what the unknown is, we need to wake up everyday focusing on what we do know, and interpreting that information into what we understand. In order to find the meaning in our lives, we each need control over our lives. I control my life one hundred percent. I make me own decisions, choose my individual actions, and control my responses. We have complete control over our own lives. However, the one think we do not have control over is other people’s actions and decisions. Although we have the power in our individual lives, others may influence our judgments, choices, and conclusions. All of these factors affect whom we are, along with the fact that we can’t control others reactions, which may cause poor influence on us. For example, in the novel, The Odyssey, Odysseus sails a long journey home, facing many distractions, challenges, and adventures. He encounters many different monsters that stop him in his path, including Cyclops, The Sirens, and Poseidon. Although Odysseus can control his actions, and the way he fights, he has a weakness when it comes to his opponents. Just like Odysseus, we can control our actions and responses, but when it comes to having others involves, we have no control over how they can act and make their choices. Living life freely, with no regrets, and accomplishing all of our goals. That is a satisfying life. Taking risks, without worrying, loving ourselves, being happy with our achievements, and experiencing all different emotions is what life is all about. A variety of different feelings occur throughout our lives; we need happiness, excitement, fears, anger, and even tears to lead a fulfilling life. In the independent reading novel, entitled Speak; Melinda Sordino writes about emotions and feelings, â€Å"When people don’t express themselves, they die one piece at a time† (Anderson 58). Melinda believes the reasons people need to express themselves is because everyone needs to experience all kinds of emotions in order to interact and stay alive. In the Odyssey, Both Odysseus and Telemachus are involved by an overwhelming amount of emotions. Without the emphasis of their feelings without the novel, the story would have much less meaning and would not be as dramatic. Emotions add to our everyday conversations and feelings towards each other. We need them to live a satisfying, enjoyable life. I believe, in order to find the meaning of my life, I need to sit back, relax, and let the question answer itself. In order to survive, and live for as long as possible, I have to enjoy my life in the present. Not be thinking about the future, and where life is going to take me; but live life as it is brought to me, rather then bringing myself to my life. By being patient and letting my life come to me as time goes on, I am sure to survive for a longer, happier, and more exciting period of time. Yet, at the conclusion to each person’s life, the certainty of death must strike. Getting ourselves ready for this unpredictable day is very easy, as long as we’ve accomplished everything that we have set out to achieve, death may appear whenever it feels the need to. It is a misfortunate thing, though, as some deaths develop so quickly and suddenly, we do not have time to say our goodbyes. Nor do the victims have time to achieve their goals, and pass on wishes. An example of a sudden death is in the novel entitles Lost for Words, by Alice Kuipers. In the story, Sophie’s older sister died traumatically in a sudden train bombing. Due to the death, it ripped Sophie’s family apart. They stopped talking to each other, and everything became awkward between her and her mother. Because of the unpredictable death at such a young age, her sister was, sorrowfully, not ready for her time to come. She may have not achieved her goals in life, and got to take as many risks as life leads her too, making it an even bigger tragedy for Sophie and her family. There were a number of dreadful deaths in the Odyssey as well. These included Odysseus’ crew, Odysseus’ mother, and many suitors. From reading all of these disastrous scenes and stories about death, I have learned that in order to reconcile myself for the inevitability of death, I need to start living my life with many risks, and no regrets. By living my life without any doubts, and enjoying my life in the present, I can be sure to live a long, satisfying life, ready for the fate of death for whenever it decides to doom on me. I believe the meaning of life, is to find meaning in our own, individual lives. By waiting for life to come to me, and enjoying the present in a way of happiness, enjoyment, and risks, I can be sure to eventually come to a full understanding of why I am here, living today. Each life has a world of its own, and each person his own life. Each person in this world will have a different story to share, and a different meaning and impact on our world today.

Defining Historiography Essay Example for Free

Defining Historiography Essay

Conceptual Art: Responses to Capitalism

Conceptual Art: Responses to Capitalism When Situationism evolved from the Letterist movement, in the middle of the last century, it set itself up in opposition to two other two other politically motivated groups: Dadism and Surreallism. Situationism, however, was only incidentally political, and rather than subverting the art world, aimed only to redesign its context, including the attitudes of the public, so that art could become something anyone could do or enjoy- something integrated into everyday life. Historically, arts efforts to bring down capitalist structures from within have been very ill-fated, with artists finding themselves ignored, scorned, crushed or – perhaps worse- accessories to political agendas. Artists and writers must work harder than ever to devise means of opposing or exposing capitalisms deceptions, but many commentators appear to have reached the conclusion that the battle is barely worth fighting. As we shall see, Jean Baudrillard argues that criticism of the status quo is no longer possi ble through art or literature and that the only efficient way of dissenting from capitalist society is to commit suicide, Modern art wishes to be negative, critical, innovative and a perpetual surpassing, as well as immediately (or almost) assimilated, accepted, integrated, consumed. One must surrender to the evidence: art no longer contests anything. If it ever did. Revolt is isolated, the malediction consumed. Thus the avant-garde movements in Europe put the artist under pressure to exhibit a certain individuality, while also – rather contradictorily- being a producer, and as prolific, political and reactionary a producer as possible, There is a lot of talk, not about reform or forcing the Enlightenment project to live up to its own ideals, but about wholesale negation, revolution, another new sensibility, now self- affirming or self-creating, rather than a universalist or rational self-legitimation. This in turn suggests a tremendously heightened role for the artist, the figure whose imagination supposedly creates or shapes the sensibilities of civilization. In a sense, the avant-garde has been socially commissioned to forecast the future, to scouting out new intellectual terrain, Aesthetic modernity is characterized by attitudes which find a common focus in a changed consciousness of time The avant-garde understands itself as invading unknown territory, exposing itself to the dangers of sudden, shocking encounters, conquering an as yet unoccupied future. The avant-garde must find a direction in a landscape into which no one seems to have yet ventured Early Attempts to Overthrow Capitalism In many ways, Dada and Surrealism represent the most successful artistic rebellions against capitalist norms, as they have attacked the conventional assumption of meaning itself, and in doing so drew attention to the ridiculous fact that such an assumption existed at all, Dada has often been called nihilistic and its declared purpose was indeed to make clear to the public at large that all established values, moral or aesthetic, had been rendered meaningless by the catastrophe of the Great War Dada preached nonsense and anti-art with a vengeance It is as though the Artist jumped before she was pushed. With its effort to close the gap between producer and produced by making everything equally alien, Surrealism also sought to negate its creator, using, pure psychic automatism intended to express the true process of thought free from the exercise of reason and from any aesthetic or moral purpose . Habermas, too, asserts that Surrealism poses a threat to arts existential rights, but still fails in two ways, First, when the containers of an autonomously developed cultural sphere are shattered, the contents get dispersed. Nothing remains from a desublimated meaning or a destructured form; an emancipatory effect does not follow. Habermas draws attention to the levelling affect of contemporary communication networks: networks which challenge the hierarchical assumptions of classical Marxism, and which have, in scale, surpassed what any postmodern commentator – even in the 1980s- could have imagined. More so than ever, our media are democratic and interrelated, A rationalized everyday life, therefore, could hardly be saved from cultural impoverishment through breaking open a single cultural sphere art and so providing access to just one of the specialized knowledge complexes. Any active dissent can be transformed into a commodity, a product to assist the perpetuation of capitalism. Catchy slogans devised by revolutionaries are used to sell mortgages, paintings that challenge conventional assumptions about beauty and form are written about in books to be sold, and bought by galleries where their beauty and form can be admired and valued- bought and sold. As the â€Å"Anti-Naturals† recently wrote, on the subject, â€Å"It is the nature of the Spectacle to transform all experience into a consumer commodity. It is no surprise, then, that so much of modern capitalist production should be focused on the authenticity swindle. It is not merely that we are told that our authentic self is only a credit card order away. We must be told what and how to purchase. Since, in the midst of the Spectacle, all experience is real only when it can be consumed, it is natural to follow the guidance offered by the array of products engineered to address each particular need. In reality, it is quite easy to mass market to hundreds of millions of individuals,‚ since each quest is identical in its basic features.† Any words spoken against can be turned into rallying support. Art, like any powerful weapon, can always be turned against those who use it. Whatever doesnt kill power is killed by it. In this way the Dadaists watched their anti-art works being systematically categorised as works of art, and were forced to focus their whole project completely on the evasion of this recuperation. Five years of agitation against capital, war and morality, brought them to an impasse of suicide or silence. Everything the Dadaists made, said, wrote or performed seemed to be turned against its critical purpose and used against them- and they abandoned the project. Effectively, they went on strike. The Dadaists left a legacy in the form of recuperated, commodified art works, and in multiple imitations of their style and attitude. Their advocation of collage and photomontage is now everywhere in advertisements, their paradoxically anti-art art surely at the very heart of current post-modernist critical theory. They were correct in their belief that this capitalist appropriation was inevitable while they were merely producing, and not controlling the means of production, but in some ways, they did in fact constitute a challenge to bourgeois morality. Dadaism questioned the philosophical assumptions which justified smug bourgeois attitudes, and uncovered the hypocracy of World War 1s brutality legitimising propaganda. In the end they felt that their subversions of established values were merely contributing too much to the culture they had been trying to undermine. The Situationist Asger Jorn was emphatic about the failure of Marxist theory, to liberate of art from commodification , â€Å"Instead of abolishing the private character of property, socialism does nothing but augment them as much as possible, rending humans themselves useless and socially non-existent. The goal of the development of artistic liberation is the liberation of human values by the transformation of human qualities into real values. Here begins the artistic revolution against socialist development, the artistic revolution that is tied to the communist project . . .† Debord and the Situationist Reaction to Capitalism Debords 1967 book The Society of the Spectacle, represented an attempt to articulate as fully as possible the Situationist philosophy. The term spectacle refers to the colonization of everyday life by commodity in late capitalism, an extension of alienation experienced between production and consumption. The spectacles subjective, one-directional effect requires a kind of non-participation, eventually resulting in a breakdown of communication between people. Situationism distinguishes between classical and modern forms of capitalism. Where classical capitalism demanded that wasted time describes any time not spent at work, modern capitalism actually reverses that, using advertising and other spectacular means to declare that it is the time spent at work that is wasted, and work is justifiable only because it provides the monetary ability to consume. Marx wrote that, the worker feels at home when he is not working, and when he is working he does not feel at home The Situationists describe the spectacular society as a place where, the spectator feels at home nowhere, for the spectacle is everywhere . As Debord himself explains, So long as the realm of necessity remains a social dream, dreaming will remain a social necessity. The spectacle is the bad dream of modern society in chains, expressing nothing more than its wish for sleep. The spectacle is guardian of that sleep . However, the spectacle was not unique to capitalist society; the Situationists worked on a theory of the concentrated spectacle that would incorporate individual influences on capitalist regimes. This was principally contrived as a rhetorical framework to include the cult of personality in the dictatorships of places such as Cuba, the Soviet Union and China. The Situationists argued that the same tricks that society used to sell fast cars and kitchen appliances were used to promote and deify figures such as Chairman Mao. In anarchic efforts to subvert the spiritual and fiscal poverty of urban life under the tyranny of the spectacle, the Situationists developed a revolutionary art, departed from artistic convention. In their article Preliminaries Toward Defining a Unitary Revolutionary Program, Debord and the Marxist theorist Pierre Canjuers, assert, â€Å"At one pole, art is purely and simply recuperated by capitalism as a means of conditioning the population. At the other pole, capitalism grants art a perpetual privileged concession: that of pure creative activity, an alibi for the alienation of all other activities (which makes it the most expensive and prestigious status symbol). But at the same time, this sphere reserved for free creative activity is the only one in which the question of what we do with life and the question of communication are posed practically and in all their fullness. Here, in art, lies the basis of the antagonisms between partisans and adversaries of the officially dictated reasons for living. The established meaninglessness and separations give rise to the general crisis of traditional artistic means a crisis linked to the experience of alternative ways of living or the demand for such experience. Revolutionary artists are those who call for intervention; and who have themselves intervened in the sp ectacle in order to disrupt or destroy it.† Initially, the work the Situationist International produced was aimed at ridiculing formalist conceptions of the art object: Asger Jorn bought amateur paintings at flea markets and painted over them, subverting notions of authority and value. Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio invented a style of â€Å"industrial† painting where the canvas was over a hundred metres long, then cut strips off for potential buyers, thereby subverting traditional preconceptions of arts autonomy. In reality these processes were eventually absorbed by a capitalist art market bought, sold, exhibited, written about, and for the most part, politically neutered. In his 1974 book Theory of the Avant-Garde, Peter Burger points out that the avant-garde artists main goal is to shock the viewer, typically accustomed to organic or formalist works of art, in the hope that such withdrawal of meaning will direct the readers attention to the fact that the conduct of ones life is questionable and that it is necessary to cha nge it He goes on to state that, Paradoxically, the avant-gardist intention to destroy art as an institution is thus realized in the work of art itself. The intention to revolutionize life by returning art to its praxis turns into a revolutionizing of art. This is the kind of logic that prompted the Situationists to agree to stop producing art in 1961, when they decided to cease considering themselves artists. Any remaining members unwilling to abandon traditional forms of art, including Jorn, Pinot-Gallizio, and Constant found themselves either being forced into ideological resignation or expulsion. â€Å"It is a question not of elaborating the spectacle of refusal, but rather of refusing the spectacle. In order for their elaboration to be artistic and authentic in the new and authentic sense defined by the SI, the elements of the destruction of the spectacle must precisely cease to be works of art. Once and for all. . . . Our position is that of combatants between two worlds one that we dont acknowledge, the other that does not yet exist.† In The Situationist City, Simon Sadler write that, in abandoning early Situationism, the Situationist International abandoned its imagining of utopia a devastating decision, surely unprecedented in the history of the avant-garde, and yet at the same time surely the situationists greatest contribution to that history: the recognition that in changing the world, avant-garde art cannot be a substitute for popular redistribution of power It seemed that the SI recognized that for any avant-garde to succeed, it would do best striving to produce artists, and not art. The Dadaists, too, were aware that both art and artist are part of the capitalist system, and consequently as guilty in their participation as any other commodity or worker. Marcuse and Adorno, in contrast, argued that the Dadaist project was misguided for its attacks on conventional art. They saw art as an autonomous entity, separate from capitalist interests, and something intrinsically apolitical that must be preserved rather than aggressively undermined. For Adorno, art bears an essential negativity derived from its peculiar Form; its rearrangements of reality are conducted according to a system quite alien to those of capitalism. This â€Å"Form† grants art a: refuge and a vantage point from which to denounce the reality established through domination. While Adorno and Marcuse criticised the anti-artists for attacking artistic Form, they agreed with the avant-gardists in their slightly utopic aspiration of abolishing the distinction that existed between art and the rest of reality. In fact, Marcuse wished to see a society organised around the aesthetic principles he believed resided only within art. Both argued that this integration could not be achieved if artists were allowed to participate. Art should be kept apolitical and protected, in a realm conducive to calm reflection that might remind us of the truth an authentic life can afford us after the revolution. So, although they expressed their rejection of this view in different ways, the Dadaists, Surrealists and Situationists all aspired to a collapse of the distinction between art and the rest of life in present: â€Å"everyday life†. Instead of waiting for the revolution, all three argued that the integration of art and life was in fact necessary for the achievement of revolution, a revolution made possible only by a combined cultural, ideological and economic assault on capitalism. Asger Jorn, again, on the failure of the socialist revolution, â€Å"The capitalist revolution was essentially a socialization of consumption. Capitalist industrialization brought humanity a socialization as profound as the socialization proposed by the socialists that of the means of production. The socialist revolution is the fulfillment of the capitalist revolution. The one element removed from the capitalist system is saving, because consumptions richness has already been eliminated by the capitalists themselves†¦ Real communism will be the leap into the domain of freedom and of value, of communication. Contrary to utilitarian value (normally known as material value), artistic value is the progressive value because, by a process of provocation, it is the valorization of humanity itself. Since Marx, economic politics has shown its impotence and its cowardice. A hyperpolitics will need to strive for the direct realization of humanity.† Walter Benjamins Authentic Opposition: Crisis of Reproduction Walter Benjamin is probably Adornos most established opponent, particularly since The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, a work that concentrated upon defining the aura of traditional art preceding 1900, and assessed the decay of this aura under the impact of new media and cultural technologies. Benjamin argues that art has lost its authenticity because of mechanical mass reproduction in our capitalist-orientated culture industry. He is concerned about shifting attitudes to art, which came about as a consequence of the introduction of mechanical means of reproduction. Formerly unique objects, located in a particular space, lost their singularity as they became accessible to many people in diverse places. Lost too was the aura that was attached to a work of Art which was now open to many different readings and interpretations Unlike his Frankfurt School colleagues, however, and especially unlike Adorno, Benjamin argues, this loss of authenticity is actually a positive thing, because it democratizes and politicizes art. Benjamins claim that arts loss of authenticity might actually help free people, not enslave them in a capitalist culture industry starkly opposes Adornos ideas. In addition, each stage of reproduction of an original work of art also contributes to its loss of aura. According to Benjamin, then: culture has been transformed into an industry; thus art has become commodified; contemporary culture is the machinery by which oppressive ideologies are reproduced and disseminated; new media technologies such as phonographs, film and photography, serve to destroy arts aura and effectively demystify the process of creating art, making available radical new access and roles for art in mass culture; the spectator has become a collaborator and participant, who joins the author in determining the meaning of the production of the work of art. Art is successful only when it enables the critical contemplation of a viewer. Benjamin happily equates authenticity with authority- the authority of oppressive institutions such as the church or the state- and history. As Benjamin explains, the work of arts authenticity is the essence of all that is transmissible from its beginning, ranging from its substantive duration to its testimony to the history which it has experienced Until the 20th century, artworks retained their aura, their â€Å"authenticity† precisely because of their inability to be mass-reproduced, whether religious artifacts or one-off paintings commissioned by individual wealthy patrons. This conception clearly presents aura and authenticity as profoundly undemocratic, as the means of artistic production remain in the control of the rich and powerful, then able use such art to maintain control over the masses. The introduction of mechanical means of reproduction of art, particularly photography and film, caused the very foundations of this setup to be radically altered. For the first time it was possible for anyone to acquire the means to take photographs of a work of art, or at purchase an image of the work. However hard cultural elites in the late 19th century had tried to protect the aura of art works, the social advance of the masses and the invention of media such as film, which depends upon distribution to the masses, had led to the inevitable decay of the aura in the 20th century. Benjamin marks the distinction between manual and machine reproduction of art, The whole sphere of authenticity is outside technical, and, of course, not only technical reproducibility, he states, Confronted with its manual reproduction, which was usually branded as a forgery, the original preserved all its authority; not so vis a vis technical reproduction Benjamin states two reasons this occurs. Firstly, machine reproduction is more independent of the original than manual reproduction; secondly, technical reproduction can put the copy of the original into situations which would be out of reach for the original itself. So mass-produced copies are able to engage with the wider world in a manner not possible for the original or one-off copies. Benjamin summarises his ideas concerning reproduction by asserting the technique detaches the reproduced object from the domain of tradition. Many reproductions it substitutes a plurality of copies for a unique existence.† So to allow the reproduction to meet the beholder or listener in his own particular situation, is to reactivate the object reproduced, â€Å"It is these processes that lead to the tremendous shattering of tradition which is the obverse of the contemporary crisis and renewal of mankind In Benjamins conception, then, state and religious authorities have steadily lost the ability to control general access to such works of art, particularly since the 20th century began. This is most apparent in relation to the cinema, which destroyed the traces of aura with which art had been traditionally imbued; Benjamin cites arts historical value as a fundamental part of magical and religious rituals. In the process, capitalism strips art of its the idealistic, theological halo- to some extent a happy consequence and restorative, as it returns the art object to its non-utilitarian presence, its everyday reality. For Benjamin, an artworks â€Å"aura† refers to its uniqueness and the phenomena of distance, however close [an object] may be. He uses gives the example of distant mountains and a trees bough over head, both contain aura because they are images have not been effectively reproduced mechanically . Beyond the concepts of aura and authenticity, Benjamins concepts of reproduction and reversibility represent the core of his concerns about way in which arts role in society has been fundamentally altered in the 20th century. Benjamin proposes that the artworks aura of authenticity has withered away because of its reproduceability, and the process of reproduction brings art into closer proximity with a mass audience. However, paradoxically, as the authenticity erodes, the works essence becomes forefronted in the process, as it starts to become designed for reproducibility. As Benjamin describes it, â€Å"for the first time in world history, mechanical reproduction emancipates the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual. . . . From a photographic negative, for example, one can make any number of prints; to ask for an authentic print makes no sense. But the instant the criterion of authenticity ceases to be applicable to artistic production, the total function of art is reversed. Instead of being based on ritual, it begins to be based on another practice – politics†. Benjamins commentaries on the effects of reproduction inspired other writers, such as Lechte, â€Å"it is the process of reproduction as such which is revolutionary: the fact, for instance, that the photographic negative enables a veritable multiplication of originals. With the photograph, therefore, the spectre of the simulacrum emerges, although Benjamin never names it as such. The photograph as simulacrum by-passes the simple difference between original and copy† Barbara Krugers Situationism and the Irresistible Collage of Society Barbara Kruger addresses the negative aspects of capitalist society as an artist, writer, curator, lecturer and graphic designer. Her art is displayed both inside and outside museums and in a range of different forms. Occasionally her prints are framed and hung on the walls of museums and galleries in the traditional fashion, but Kruger is endlessly inventive, and often writes text to be printed or projected directly on the walls or floors of a museum. In Picturing Greatness, a photography exhibition curated by Kruger in 1987 for The Museum of Modern Art in New York, text was printed in large black type across a central partition. Kruger selected photographs for this exhibit from the museums collection, and according to the words on the partition, the photographs were mostly of mostly famous artists† who happened to be predominantly white and male. The text on the partition claimed the works can show us how vocation is ambushed by clichà © and snapped into stereotype by the camera, and how photography freezes moments, creates prominence and makes history. Krugers work continually questions the definition of art, artists and the ways in which â€Å"great art† should be exhibited. In this work, Kruger challenges the overwhelming dominance of male artists and draws attention to the females apparent invisibility in western art history. Just like the Situationists under Guy Debord, she has altered the meaning of art by rec ontextualising it. Crucially, the visitor to Krugers exhibition does not need to be familiar with the original photographs before seeing the show- even the uneducated viewer could read Krugers text, look at the original images and come to their own conclusions about the meaning. Thus the work achieves a kind of unique political democracy. Kruger has a background as a graphic designer, and as such creates effective bold images which are in many ways visually indistinguishable from advertisements, but rather than trying to sell a product, appeal directly to our social conscience. The subject of her text is always I, me, we, or you, as though Kruger engages in conversation with the viewer. Her messages probe the assumptions of the capitalist status quo: You are seduced by the sex appeal of the inorganic, When I hear the word culture, I take out my checkbook and We have received orders not to move. Similarly, Constant, of the COBRA group, proposed a city as a kind of physical expression of his utopia of â€Å"free play† which, in parts, bears striking resemblance to representations of the Internet, in books such as Mapping Cyberspace (with wild lines pouring out of the metropolis perhaps representing bandwidth and site traffic). Made with perspex and bike parts, Constants models and his diagrams for New Babylon demonstrate his yearning for future as something mobile, organic, animated, and self-celebratory. For Constant the city was a sort of perpetual festival of leisure. With its intricately connected wires suspending clear circular layers, ramps and walkways, Constants New Babylon recalls some kind of tensile organism. As Constant describes it, â€Å"The unfunctional character of this playground-like construction makes any logical division of the inner spaces senseless. We should rather think of a quite chaotic arrangement of small and bigger spaces that are constantly assembled and dissembles by means of standardized mobile construction elements like walls, floors and staircases. Thus the social space can be adapted to the ever-changing needs of an every changing population as it passes through the sector system.† Analogues with the Internet are irresistable. Equally, he could have been referring in a general way to those unique social structures which have grown from the anti-globalisation movement – structures which, although provisional, pragmatic and short term, are nevertheless ideologically committed to social change and serve as emblems of the ongoing struggle against capitalism, a battle fuelled entirely from reserves of creativity. Constants is city as collage, similar to that celebrated by the less politically motivated group, Archigram, in the UK (many of whose members now design massive architectural features for megaband stadium concerts). In this time of desperate connectivity and complicated layering of urban cultures, with invisible webs of communication engulfing us, the need to understand the city as a place beyond work and production seems more pressing than ever. The Situationist reaction to capitalism is also excellently expressed through anti capitalist collage: for example that of the General Lighting and Power group, whose slick mock-advertising images of soft focus female forms in leotards and computer graphics of office interiors and car accidents, wryly annotated with entertaining aphorisms such as: Aerobics is necessary: progress implies it (I see you baby, shaking that ass) and God is in the retailing Comparisons to Jenny Holzer and Barbara Kruger are obvious. Charles Rice, too, has observed the oversized billboard signs now proliferating in major cities, arguing convincingly that they serve to perpetuate the distance between the real and the impossible,these spatial fantasies effectively deliver identification with the distant and the unattainable† Many writers have noted the similarities between the Situationists idea of the derive (that is, the navigating of a city via means and routes other than those originally intended) and the experience of â€Å"surfing† the internet. Colin Fournier, architect and educator makes some potent observations on this area. It would seem that many of the characteristics of the internet reflect the S.I.s utopic city. The things considered prerequisite for their utopia: an ephemeral, negotiable type of city, where uses were determined by the population, surfing the web is like the idea of drifting or â€Å"deriving†, flaneur-like, through a city. The Situationist city and the web are uniquely flexible, anarchically dynamic: spacial relations secondary on any given route. The internet always seems to somehow recall the old Surrealist idea of using a map of one city to find ones way around another. Art as Capitalism: the Medias Re-appropriation of Images Increasingly, the media is becoming governed by imagery, and the average consumer is overwhelmed by visual information on a daily basis. Through sheer competition, the commercial sphere has been forced to use stranger, scarier, more extreme imagery to earn the attention of bewildered customers. Magazines such as Vogue have lured artists to their pages, where they are seen as innovative, visionary powers for re-inventing a complacent visual vocabulary. Thus, the traditional hierarchy of photography, in which the commercial and conceptual worlds were segregated, has been broken down into a fluid, integrated world- mutual respect has ensured that crossing the boundary either way no longer carries the taint or disrespect it once did. A new generation of artists have grown up with the rather cynical and postmodern idea that all things are commercially viable. Contemporary art school graduates are less likely to see their ventures into the commercial realm as contamination, and more as a necessary aspect of their endeavor. Commerce is incorporated into art at every level, from the means to the ends to the theme. That the common thread of art and fashion- the human body- has become such a commodity, seems like an obvious extension of this. Fashion spreads frequently borrow art photographers for their pages and mimic, in the case of Diesel and others, with considerable irony- the current art world trend towards narrative ambiguity and deliberately theatrical tableaux that recall â€Å"theoretical† artists like Jeff Wall and Cindy Sherman. Russel Wong is one such new generation artist, his work strongly informed by todays cultural fascination with celebrity. Wong has become famous through striking portraits of personalities from sports to music and movies, famous for capturing moments of vulnerability, warmth and humor. A number of Wongs photos have been used on the covers of international magazines. My photos are never confrontati

Believing in Una of Naslunds Ahabs Wife :: Naslunds Ahabs Wife Essays

Believing in Una of Naslund's Ahab's Wife Naslund's novel, "Ahab's Wife" was immensely more satisfying and realistic than Melville's "Moby Dick." I hope to explain why Naslund did not merely present a "feminine" version of Moby Dick, but presented similarly universal themes within more realistic and meaningful contexts. By becoming intimate with the reader, she expects more: she expects us to understand the world from a different perspective. Melville tries to be funny by making things ridiculous. Naslund makes reality funny. From what I gathered of other's opinions of Moby Dick, the hilarity came from the absurdity. In my mind, however, when something seems impossible the story seems to change to the realm of cartoon or science fiction. It seems not only not funny, but weird and irrelevant. I was glad, after feeling like I must not have any sense of humor, to laugh out loud to Ahab's Wife. "'And some people believe' Kit put in, 'that if you eat cucumbers, your nose will grow long. Or other parts.' 'What parts?' Frannie asked. 'Your feet,' Aunt said"(p93). Although just as silly, this is funny because it speaks to an awkward situation similar to one everyone has been in, probably on all sides. It is not the absurdity of the myth of the cucumber that I laugh at, but rather the Aunt's reaction to his reference. Naslund speaks to me, however, not because of realistic humor, but because of her contextual insight. Melville makes profound but irrelevant commentary on the world, while Naslund shows us her journey to different understandings of the world. Melville, to use one of many examples of his philosophical meanderings, tells us that, "there is no quality in this world that is not what it is merely by contrast." This statement could be very insightful, except that he is talking not about understandings of the world or identity formation, but rather feeling physical warmth: "We felt very nice and snug, the more so since it was so chilly out of doors; indeed out of bedclothes too, seeing that there was no fire in the room. The more so, I say, because truly to enjoy bodily warmth, some small part of you must be cold, for there is no quality in this world that is not what it is merely by contrast." 52 This leaves me impressed that he was able to connect his wise perceptions of the world to an only slightly relevant story, and makes me want to steal the quote and apply it out of its context.

tupacs music Essay -- essays research papers

MUSIC ANALYSIS: Changes by Tupac Shakure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For most people that listen to music, a song can be classified as simply a plethora of words constructed into verses in the midst of an appealing tune playing in the backdrop. But it is when an artist can take all of this and add even more to it to make it memorable and even sometimes controversial he or she is considered a great artist. Perhaps one of the most misunderstood rap, along with hip hop artist of the 20th century is the late Tupac Shakure. ... However, to his fans and critics, he was perceived as a political poet and a lyrical genius. Though I wasn’t supposed to, I have listened to Pac since I was a child...and Ill have to admit I haven’t always liked him or his style of rappi...

The Radio: Past and Present :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Radio: Past and Present â€Å"He shoots!!! He scores!!!† these are famous words that Foster Hewitt made famous broadcasting a hockey game on the radio (â€Å"The Early Years†). It was words like these that the public became used to because there was no television. The radio served as the first medium to hear things live as they happened. This gave sport fans the opportunity to sit down and tune into a game anytime they like. The radio started off big and then took a dramatic fall due to the introduction of the television. However, radio found new ways to attract the public. Radio broadcasting was introduced to the public in the early 1920s (Potter 226). There was only one type of broadcast protocol in the 1920’s and 30’s being AM radio(The Early Years). In 1921 there were only five AM radio stations, and only about 1% of all households in this country had a receiver (Potter 226). A receiver was basically another name for a radio because at this time radios were very expensive and there were not enough radio stations to make the system work. However, in 1923 there were over 500 stations to pop up which in turn led to increased sales of receivers to the general public (Potter 226). With the popping up of more radio stations the more receivers were being bought which meant that many people in the public were tuning into these various radio stations for information and entertainment. Radio was on the rise and it seemed that there was nothing slowing it down. Radio was at the top of its game during the 1930’s and 1940’s (Potter 226). In 1930 50% of all households had at least one radio, and by 1947 this had increased to 93% (Potter 226). Bye 1936, there was an average of one receiver per household, and in ten years, this had doubled (Potter 226). Sports fans loved the radio because not only could they hear live broadcast but if they missed the game they could get stats all day long. There was only one catch to sports fans listening to games on the radio. Some radio stations did not have enough money to broadcast the games live so they would have a telegraph operator transmit information back to the studio where sounds such as crowd noise, the crack of the bat, and other sounds of that nature were being generated while the game was being played elsewhere (â€Å"Going, Going, Gone!)).

Public Park: An Invaluable Organ of a Town Essay

INTRODUCTION While the entire world is facing with the problem of environmental pollution, public parks are becoming important than ever. Due to the rise of heavy industries and in the number of vehicles, the air is constantly getting polluted, and especially in the cities, where the industrial activity and the movement of transport is very high, air pollution is heavily contributing to the diseases like asthma. Under these conditions, the importance of creating or maintaining a green open space in and around the central area of the city has become a matter of concern to the civic bodies of across the globe. But a public park does not only supply us oxygen, it does much more than that, ranging from raising the pride of the place to serving an ideal place for recreation and intellectual activity (Hume, 2007). Because of these reasons, the town planners always feel the urge of having a public park in the town, and in the process, they either chance upon a natural place and shape it, or have to create it from the scratch.   Therefore, this essay checks the main functions of public parks with the example of the above two types of parks, before reaching a conclusion. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A PUBLIC PARK Broadly speaking the main functions of a park can be divided into 10 categories, and they are: Space for physical activity: Parks are the ideal places for physical activities, and in case of some towns, it proves to be the only place to have physical workouts. This utility of parks prove invaluable especially to the senior citizens, who need to have simple physical workouts like walking regularly. For children, parks are always a place of delight in many ways, as parks not only provides them the much needed space to play, but also lets them the scope to observe a slice of nature from close. Space for social functions. Parks serve as the gathering place of the town, where public meetings or any other social or cultural event take place. Through this, parks help to fulfil the need for social communication. Connects the town with nature. With big trees, flowers or lakes, parks house birds, other animals, amphibians, fishes and other aquatic organisms. This creates a natural ecology, which helps the environment in many ways. The big trees absorb carbon-dioxide and release oxygen for the city, all the while absorbing the noise of the city. Serves as the landmark of the town. It is always helpful to have a landmark in the city and parks fulfil that need, thereby making it easy for all remember the complex roadmaps of the city. Heritage Item : Parks also turn as the pride of the city. With time it becomes a symbol of heritage, the identity of a town, which, in many ways contribute to the growth and development of a town. Place to gather mental peace. In this era of congested housing and stressful city-life, parks are the place to refresh the mind in open air. In this regards it serves the needs of human mind also. Place for creative or constructive discussion. An open space amid the concrete-filled city can unleash the creativity of human mind. In a town, park is that place to provide that open place. There are scores of instances where the famous poets or writers gathered their ideas while visiting a public park. It helps to unify the society. With the habit of meeting here regularly, the citizens of town gradually become close and unified. Parks play a silent, yet important role to create solidarity among the citizens of a town. It beautifies the city. Parks provide a much-needed relief for the human eyes with its greens. A well-planned park always adds to the beauty of the town. Landscape architecture can best be exhibited in the parks. Influences local economy. Last, but not the least, it influences the economy of a town, as the properties around a park become costlier (Top 10, 2007). HOW THEY ARE ACCOMMODATED: TOWN PLANNING The making of a park with all the above abilities depend on several factors. Like, the status of the town in the political map of the country, the scope to access the open land in the heart of the city, scope build elaborate roadways around it and the scope to create an attractive environment with lakes, walkways, fountains or relics. It also has to have proper sewerage system and other systems connected to maintenance. However, in modern times, when there is little scope to start a project like public park with open land, landscape architects are converting the abandoned places to amusement park. While the Hyde Park of London provides an examples of the first type, Landschaftspark of Germany speaks for the modern times. HYDE PARK Hyde Park, one of the Royal Parks of London, is placed in central position of the city. Once it was a hunting ground of the British royals, and later it was converted into a public park around 1637, complete with lakes, walkways, artefacts, relics, lush of greens and what not. It has everything one could ask for in a park. At 1733 it was aided by landscaping   too. However, The town planners of London have always enjoyed some advantages to make Hyde Park a spectacular place to visit. Firstly, it belongs to the capital city and has a good climate, along with a great river – thus equipped with political and environmental advantages. There are instances of royal patronage for the development of this open space through centuries, while the intellectuals and the politicians have also been lending their support. That helped the town planners to make it a prime landmark of the city and to arrange the city road map accordingly. Secondly, the planners did not have to struggle to get open land, or didn’t have to try too hard to create the green environment. These factors have made landscaping an easy job for them (Landscape, 2007). LANDSCHAFTSPARK Situated in Duisburg Nord, Germany. Landschaftspark is designed by Peter Latz 1991, where he has converted an abandoned site of two production plants (steel and coal) from a potential environmental threat to a unique visitors’ spot. Here he utilized the advantage of modern technology both to retain the past and introduce the present. In the process, he had to be innovative in every stage of its making, be it using phytoremediation, or using the old gas tanks for scuba-diving. The old bunkers of the factories or the big factory shades were converted into garden and concert halls, while the old sewerage system of the production plants was converted into an aquatic treasure with rainwater. Yet, the aura of the old time remains as it is, with its chief elements like railways, plant shades and old walkways. Here Peter had to work from scratch to reinstate a part of history amid the modern times. Naturally this unique creation has become a favourite joint for the tourists all across the globe. It may not be bestowed with natural advantages like Hyde Park, yet it carried the scope to recreated an exhibition of vintage industrialization attempts of humans – and Peter has utilized that advantage to the full. It may not have evolved out of the need to serve the city its much needed oxygen, yet it has saved the area from dangerous pollutants left by the production plants and also lend to the economy of the area, besides serving as a landmark of Duisburg, Nord (Landschaftspark, 2007). The success of the amusement parks like Landschaftspark also hints about the possible future of landscape architecture. CONCLUSION Parks serve many a purpose to the society, especially in a city, where its utility value is invaluable. With time, old, open places encouraged the city planners to landscape the place and convert it as a public park – as has happened in the case of Hyde Park of London. In the modern time, the lack of space in the heartland of a city may have limited the scope for the planners, but that is not the end of the road, as Landschaftspark has shown the way as to how a heaven can be recreated out of a seemingly hell. This also speaks about the power of human creativity under difficult conditions. In all, both Hyde Park and Landschaftspark prove a single point – that public park is truly an invaluable organ of a town. REFERENCES â€Å"Hyde Park.† 2007. â€Å"Landscape and open space planning in London.† 2007. Hume, C. 2007. â€Å"Why parks are important.† Web Article. â€Å"Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord†. Web Encyclopedia.   Freeing the soil from pollutants with the help of specific plants

Develop Road Safety Culture

Transportation is one of the basic things that people use and need in their everyday lives. We use different modes of transportation like airplanes, trains, boats, cars, and motorcycles. But the most abundant and commonly used of these are the cars, buses, and motorcycles. This is the reason why there are a lot of vehicular accidents that happen every day. It may be caused by a lack of discipline of the driver, refusal to follow traffic rules, or poor infrastructure. Vehicular accidents usually lead to injuries or even death.However, there are traffic laws that may prevent these kinds of accidents to happen, but it is still up to the driver to follow these rules. Every day when we open the newspaper we read about many road accidents. Millions of people nowadays are killed of accidents. But did anybody try to analyse the reasons of this serious problem? How to avoid this much of accident every day? Who is responsible for it? How can we manage to decrease the danger & effects of these accidents? How can we develop a system where the road safety culture can easily inherit? Simply it's by understanding our road safety rule ; regulations.The only solution to avoid these kinds of problems is to develop a road safety culture in general people so that they follow the Safety rules and obey the laws of Traffics. Many people are not learning about road safety at their schools. In my opinion, I see that we must educate our children in young ages about road safety ; how to safe ourselves when we are walking in the road. Many of our children go to schools by foot when their schools are not far away from their houses. This is not only the teachers responsibility as well as their parents responsibility too.Apart of this the Government also has too look very deeply into the roads infrastructure and creates the different lines as per the category of the vehicle and Zebra crossing with the attendants who will help needy people to cross the roads. I understand that nobody want to have an accident in his life. And nobody wants anyone to accuse him. In my opinion there are two major reasons for this high number of accidents, speed ; carelessness. So we must advise drivers to drive on the limits of the local roads ; accuse them or their families when the reason of accident was because of high speed driving.Drivers must be well educated regarding road safety ; what to do what not to do. This is also not enough to control the speed, Government need to take a strict action about this to create a low that the people should fear to drive very fast or beyond the speed limit. Normally once the License if granted to one person that is valid for next 15 years, but I think it should be reduced to 5 Years and after 5 Years he has to give again the written and driving test for the renewal of the Licenses. Many people are killed, left seriously injured ; incapacitated for life. Why?Because many teenagers drive without license, drives fast ; careless regarding this issue, ta lking over phone while driving, non-maintained vehicle or drunk. All the signals at least should have CCTV cameras so that is any one breaks the signals can capture by Camera. RF IDs should be installed in every car so that by the help of speedometer the speed and the details of the car can be captured easily. Huge number of the Traffic control Cops need to be appointing so that before thinking of breaking any traffic rules any one can see the appearance of the cops also to punish.These are the least not last Road safety tricks; we just need to remember whatever we learnt and follow these rules and I think to make a Culture to follow the Road safety rules Media, campaign, Education system and the strict rules can help us to develop and a Road Safety Culture in Modern era. If we all contribute to create a society where everyone just follow the rules and also help others to follow Road safety rules then very soon I think a Culture will automatically develop and which will automaticall y inherit to our children.

Nestle Market Research

Introduction In this research work the company chosen is Nestle. We have tried to cover the brief history of the company, vision, mission and objectives of the company. This brief history and other sub heading under company background is compulsory to be understood and researched well as they form the basis for marketing plan of the company. We have also tried to cover the internal and external environments for the company and countries for its future rowth and further marketing planning strategy Analysis 1. Nestle Worldwide 1. 1. Overview of Nestle All over the planet, people know Nestle. Nestle is a Swiss multinational nutritional and health-related consumer goods company headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues among the world's 40 largest corporations. Nestle was founded in 1867 by Henri Nestle. Its international R;amp;D network supports the products made in more than 500 factories in 86 countries.The Nestle factories a re operating in the region of: 1. Africa 2. America 3. Asia 4. Europe 5. Oceania Being a company dedicated to food from the beginning, Nestle remains sensitive to culinary and eating habits, and responds to specific nutritional problems, whilst also setting and matching new trends such as growing out-of-home consumption and caring about the well being of its consumers Nestle’s Philosophy: Good Food, Good Life is the very essence of Nestle and this philosophy can be traced back to our beginnings. 1. 2. Nestle’s VisionThe Nestle global vision is to be the leading Company in health, wellness and nutrition in the world. In particular, they envision to: * Meet the needs of consumers of every age group from infancy to old age, for nutrition and pleasure, through development of a large variety of food categories of the highest quality. * Lead an extremely motivated and professionally trained workforce, which would drive growth through innovation and renovation. * Deliver shar eholder value through profitable long-term growth, while continuing to play a significant and responsible role in the ocial, economic and environmental sectors of the country. s * Nestle brands are the preferred choice in their categories. Consumer insight drives all aspects of Nestle’s marketing and communication efforts. 1. 3. Nestle’s Mission Nestle’s mission, in the words of our founder Henri Nestle, is: â€Å"Nestle is dedicated to providing the best foods to people throughout their day, throughout their lives, throughout the world. With our unique experience of anticipating consumers' needs and creating solutions, Nestle contributes to your well-being and enhances your quality of life. 1. 4. Nestle’s Objectives Nestle’s objectives are to be recognized as a leading, competitive, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company trusted by all its stakeholders, and to be the reference for financial performance in its industry. Its chief objectives are: * To achieve compatibility with international voluntary standards on environmental management systems. * To build mutual trust with consumers, governmental authorities and business partners. * To ensure continuous improvement of Nestles environmental performance. Conservation of natural resources and minimization of waste. * Total compliance with the laws. * To establish the benchmark for good business practice. * Employing new technologies and processing. By committing to resources, both human and financial. Measuring the cost and benefits to business of its activities 1. 5. Product mix of Nestle Baby foods| Cerelac, Gerber, Gerber Graduates, NaturNes, Nestum| Bottled water| Nestle Pure Life, Perrier, Poland Spring, S.Pellegrino| Cereals| Chocapic, Cini Minis, Cookie Crisp, Estrelitas, Fitness, Nesquik Cereal| Chocolate & Confectionery| Aero, Butterfinger, Cailler, Crunch, Kit Kat, Orion, Smarties, Wonka| Coffee | Nescafe, Nescafe 3 in 1, Nescafe Cappuccino, Nescafe Classic, Nes cafe Decaff, Nescafe Dolce Gusto, Nescafe Gold, Nespresso| Culinary,chilled and frozen food| Buitoni, Herta, Hot Pockets, Lean Cuisine, Maggi, Stouffer's, Thomy| Dairy | Carnation, Coffee-Mate, La Laitiere, Nido| Drinks | Juicy Juice, Milo, Nesquik, Nestea|Food service| Chef, Chef-Mate, Maggi, Milo, Minor’s, Nescafe, Nestea, Sjora, Lean Cuisine, Stouffer's| Healthcare nutrition| Boost, Nutren Junior, Peptamen, Resource| Ice cream| Dreyer’s, Extreme, Haagen-Dazs, Movenpick, Nestle Ice Cream| Pet care| Alpo, Bakers Complete, Beneful, Cat Chow, Chef Michael’s Canine Creations, Dog Chow, Fancy Feast, Felix, Friskies, Gourmet, Purina, Purina ONE, Pro Plan| Sports nutrition| Power Bar| Weight management| Jenny Craig| 2. Environment of Nestle 2. 1.Internal business environment 2. 1. 1 Managers Nestle Company is a decentralized organization that organized according to matrix structure. Nestle Company as a decentralized organization allows its subordinate organizations t o enjoy a relatively high-level of autonomy. Although it still makes major strategy decisions at the headquarter level, daily operations are left up to subordinate organizations to derive and implement. The responsibility for operating decisions is pushed down to local units.Nestle has a strong top management team which runs on strong values and principles of the company. The efficient top management of the company is able to run finance, operation, marketing, logistics, sales, and research and development departments with great success which ultimately leads to the fulfillment of the goal of the organization. Senior members are of diverse origins and backgrounds. * Board of Directors The Board of Directors is the ultimate governing body of the Company. It is responsible for the ultimate supervision of the Group.The Board attends to all matters which are not reserved for the Annual General Meeting or another governance body of the Company by law, the Articles of Association or speci fic regulations issued by the Board of Directors. * Chairman The Chairman has the right to represent the organization to implement the company’s rights and obligations, take responsibility to the law and the owners of the organization about the rights and duties are assigned, strategizing development plans of the company and organization those through the decision of the Board. CEO The Board of Directors delegates to the CEO, with the authorization to sub delegate, the power to manage the Company’s and the Group are business, subject to law, the Articles of Association and the Regulations of the Board of Directors. The CEO chairs the Executive Board and delegates to its members individually the powers necessary for carrying out their responsibilities, within the limits fixed in the Executive Board’s Regulations. 2. 1. 2. EmployeesThe Nestle team comprises around 328,000 employees, 29% are based in Europe, 33. 6% in the Americas and 37. 4% in Asia, Oceania and Af rica. Their challenge is to combine strategic corporate leadership with strong, responsive local leadership to achieve consistent high levels of performance and corporate responsibility across their business Nestle has a rich working culture which motivates its employees to serve best to its customers with the help of the variety present in their product range.Nestle has included the benefits of the employees in the goal statement of the organization as the management of the company strongly believe that the productivity, quality and the dependability will reflect on the product only if the employees take care of all these factors. Different departments of the company work to contribute in the growth of the organization and these departments not only keep the customer's needs and demand in mind but also keep the same type of attention for the internal customers of Nestle.The company believes if the internal market of the company is fully satisfied, the internal market will be able t o serve to its customers and able to understand their needs and able to manufacture the products which can fulfill these needs 2. 2. External environment 2. 2. 1. Customers The immediate customers of Nestle are retail and grocery stores which provide the products of the company to the end customers at a reasonable price and a reasonable profit.The end customers of Nestle are the consumers who consume its wide range of product. The company has a bright brand image in its big pool of end customers. Nestle has an extensive marketing network to figure out the target customers, it has marketing specialist to understand the market place and the customer needs, secondly to is spending a lot to figure out the customer’s preferences regarding the substitutes of its products in order to bring the customers on board and retain them.Nestle has an extensive market share, due to the reason that its customers are brand loyal and do not compromise over quality and same is the case with the c ompany’s quality assurance (QA) team. One of the principle strategies that Nestle utilizes is to produce differentiated products for each age group in order to get a high market share and preferences over others. 2. 2. 2. Suppliers Suppliers provide the resources like labor and material resources to produce goods and services. They add to customer overall value delivery system.Labor supplies include handling of * Quantity of labor * Quality of labor * Labor strikes * Labor relations Material supplies deals with the * Quantity of material * Quality of material * Price of material * Stability of material inputs * Delivery delays Nestle efficiently handles the quality, quantity, price and stability of both material and labor supplies. Management maps out the strategies for labor strikes, supply shortages and delays to avoid increasing the cost of production, which can badly affect sales in short run and customer satisfaction in long run. . 2. 3. Competitors Competitors also play a vital role in effecting the way in which the organization operates, competitors are basically the rival firms in the same market which is providing the same product in the case of Nestle the are many competitors since there is a wide range of products offered by Nestle Nestle's largest international competitors are Kraft Foods, Unilever and Mars Incorporated. It also faces competition in local markets or specific product ranges from numerous companies, including Sara Lee and DanoneNescafe is one of the world-famous brands of Nestle with a long history of development and illustrious reputation. Therefore we choose this brand to go deeper analysis of its production as well as its distribution. 3. Input and output 3. 1. Inputs 3. 1. 1. Raw material Coffee beans and water are the basic ingredients used to make coffee, but there are as many ways to make coffee as there are coffee drinkers. All Nescafe coffees are made of 100% pure coffee beans. The only exceptions are our ready-made c offee mixes and mixtures. They contain other ingredients such as whitener and sugar, which are commonly added to coffee.Raw materials are selected from the freshest coffee beans through the production process with the highest quality standards, properly roasted to keep the aroma of coffee are naturally charming 3. 1. 2. Labor Teams of professional preparation and testing are well trained. The sensitive senses of coffee experts allow them to recognize the best qualities as grinding, roasting and tasting raw materials. 3. 1. 3. Technology The company also has modern production technology and strictly quality control system in all stages of production. 3. 2. Outputs 3. 2. 1. Nescafe’s productsNescafe products include: Nescafe Original, Nescafe Classic, Nescafe Clasico, Nescafe Gold Blend, Nescafe Black Gold, Nescafe Special Filtre (in France), Cafe Parisien (The Paris experience), Nescafe Allen, Nescafe Espresso, Nescafe Red Cup, Nescafe Blend†¦ to name just a few. 3. 2. 2. Distribution Nescafe also be distributed under Nestle’s distribution system with the 2 major channels of distribution: Traditional distribution channels and Modern distribution channels. * Traditional distribution channels (grocery): Organize the sales staff to distribute products to individual households through market channels & shop. Modern distribution channels (key account): Deliver goods to consumers through supermarket, metro or distribution chain system. Furthermore Nestle is currently holding Out Of Home (OOH) distribution channel such as restaurants, hotels, at-work, factories, etc†¦ There are specific products for this channel to cater fully for the professional chef, a full merchandise to cater to the world standard hotel as 5 star hotels or the high-rate corporate office †¦ called NESTLE PROFESSIONAL parts distribution. 3. 3. Research for production of Nescafe-Nestle in VietnamTo ensure a large output power, the company must be combined with the Vi etnamese government to build long-term plan for raw materials to ensure the production of the company. Build strategic Materials areas by combining with fertilizer companies and agricultural extension centers to sign a contract directly with farmers. Furthermore, collaborate with scientists and local authorities in the provinces of Dak Lak, Lam Dong and Dong Nai-the key coffee growing regions in Vietnam- to build the model farm, offering new varieties of high yield and send some Vietnamese scientists to some Center of research and development in developing countries.Regarding technology, the big companies like Nestle will find advanced technology in the world to ensure that few workers record the highest results. Moreover, the company will provide technical assistance to coffee growers so that they can provide better quality and have higher income About labor at the factory the company will cooperate with Vietnamese Ministry of Labor to learn about the workforce in Vietnam or the co mpany will cooperate with the local center for workers promotion or the surrounding areas to make sure human resources are available if the company needs.The company will have a separate department to do this. 4. Manufacturing process * Harvesting It all starts on the plantations, where farmers tend to the coffee plants and harvest the coffee cherries, usually by hand. The next thing they have to do is separate the bean from the outer shell of the cherry. This is done either by drying the beans in the sun or by washing them in a pulping machine before drying them. * Drying To get at the coffee beans inside each cherry, the beans need to be separated from the skin, pulpa and parchment.This is achieved by drying the cherries under the sun or by soaking the cherries in hot water. The dry beans have a greenish tinge and are therefore known as ‘green beans'. They are usually exported for blending and roasting. By combining different types of beans you can give the resulting coffee a more rounded taste. Once you have the right blend of beans, the most important phase of coffee production begins: the roasting * Roasting Once the green coffee beans have been selected, the beans need to be roasted to release the aroma and taste we know as coffee. In fact, this important rocess is one of the most fundamental parts in producing the flavorful taste and rich aroma of NESCAFE coffees. During roasting, the coffee beans expand and change in color. They turn to yellow once they absorb heat and then to brown as the beans lose their water content. The beans turn darker as they release their oils, giving the coffee its flavor. Depending on the roasting equipment and the desired flavor of the coffee, green beans are roasted at between 180 °C and 240 °C for between three and fifteen minutes. * Grinding After roasting, the beans are ready for grinding.The particle size of the grind; whether coarse or medium, fine or very fine depends on the brewing method and equipment use d. Grinding increases the surface area of the coffee, allowing the flavor to be extracted more easily. * Processing To make NESCAFE ® Pure Soluble Coffee, the ground coffee is put into an industrial percolator containing hot water under pressure to brew a highly concentrated liquid coffee, called coffee liquor. The coffee liquor is then spray dried by passing it through a continuous stream of hot air, changing it into fine particles.This is the process for making NESCAFE CLASSIC ® coffee. Alternatively, the coffee liquor is snap frozen and then ground into the required particle size. The particles are suspended in a vacuum tunnel with low heat, causing ice crystals to form and leaving particles of freeze-dried NESCAFE GOLD ® coffee. 5. Marketing strategy for Nescafe in Vietnam 5. 1. Price Launch several product lines aimed at the large and diverse segment of the market. Each segment has different product lines with reasonable price and can be accepted but still ensure high qua lity. For classes of consumers with high incomes and interested in quality: the Nescafe Gold, Premium with higher prices and higher quality compared to other common products * For classes of consumers with average incomes – a large segment: with Blend 43, Mild Roast, Espresso products †¦ consumers receive economic benefits as well as product quality. * For young people: new product such as Latte with the relative prices. Deploy promotions, discounts to attract customers and increase purchasing power 5. 2. PlaceBuild strong distribution network with distributors and retailers to cover the market with high density. Develop the retail system to ensure the company's products are available to serve customers: retail outlets at premier sites e. g. Bus stand, Railway station†¦ Implement incentive policy about pricing and commission to agents to encourage them to introduce and offer products to customers at the reasonable price. Other than that, Nestle can put their vending machine in a place that always full of people such as shopping mall, airport, hospital, school and any other place.Associate with supermarkets and shopping centers by opening sophisticated parlors with more value added services; improve the area, type and number of the company’s products here. Expand promoting trade into neighboring countries such as Laos, Cambodia, west Asia countries, where Nestle’s products are not available or do not meet the requirements. 5. 3. Promotion Take advantages of company such as brand reputation, quality products to increase market share Use mass media to advertise products to consumers: * TV commercial * Magazine and newspaper advertizing * Public event * Online advertizing Social networking Use other form of advertising such as non-media communication or advertising. Some of the ways are participating exhibitions, sponsorship activities, public relations and sales promotion such as giving freebies with good or reduced price Construct showrooms to introduce the company’s products and distribute sample products to the customers. Intensify customer care service by holding seminars about nutrition and healthiness, informing customer about Nestle’s products. References * Jafaa, M. S. (2009) Nestle Marketing strategy for Marketing Report – Nestle Milo [online].Publication 25 November 2009 [accessed 16 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. scribd. com/doc/26214574/5/Nestle-Marketing-strategy * Brabeck, P. (2011) Nestle Malaysia Marketing Strategy [online]. Publication 8 March 2011 [accessed 16 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. allfreepapers. com/print/Nestle-Malaysia-Marketing-Strategy/1020. html * Aziz, M. K. (2009) Marketing Management Strategies of Nestle [online]. Publication 20 May 2009 [accessed 18 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. scribd. com/doc/61960026/Nestle * Nescafe (2008) Coffee Production [online].Publication 18 December 2008 [accessed 19 June 2012]. Available from: htt p://www. nescafe. co. uk/coffee_production_en_co_uk. axcms * Khan, S. A. (2011) TQM 2nd Assignment on Nestle [online]. Publication 16 February 2011 [accessed 21 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. scribd. com/doc/86194068/TQM-2nd-Assignment-on-Nestle * Nestle (no date) Mission and Vision [online]. Vavey, Switzerland: Nestle [accessed 21 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. Nestle. co. za/aboutus/Pages/MissionVision. aspx * Nescafe (no date) Coffee Roasting [online]. Vavey, Switzerland: Nestle [accessed 21 June 2012].Available from: http://www. nescafe. com/coffee_roasting_en_com. axcms * Nescafe (no date) Coffee Ingredients [online]. Vavey, Switzerland: Nestle [accessed 21 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. nescafe. com/coffee_ingredients_en_com. axcms * Nestle (2011) Nescafe [online]. United Kingdom: Nestle UK [accessed 21 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. Nestle. co. uk/brands/coffee/Pages/Coffee. aspx * Nescafe (2011) Corp Governance Report 2011 [online]. Vavey, Switzerland: Nestle [accessed 23 June 2012]. Available from: http://www. Nestle. com/Media/Reports/Pages/Reports. aspx.